<Comment id="C_001"> <Title>"Jack of Diamonds"</Title>
<Text>The "Jack of Diamonds" (1911-1917) was the title of an art exhibition held in Moscow in 1910 and which was subsequently adopted for the art group's name that emerged as a result. The organisers and participants in the exhibition were M.F. Larionov, N.S. Goncharova, P.P. Konchalovsky, A.V. Lentulov, I.I. Mashkov and R.R. Falk. The artists were interested in Cubism, in the work of Cezanne and in Primitivism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_002"> <Title>Blue Rose</Title>
<Text>The Blue Rose (1907, Moscow) was an exhibition held by Moscow Symbolists (including - M.S. Sarian, P.V. Kuznetsov, N.N. Sapunov, S.Yu. Sudeikin, N.N. Krymov) who became known as the Blue Rose artists. The Blue Rose was considered as a mystical flower symbolizing celestial harmony.</Text>
<Text>The Widows' House was an charitable home for widows and orphaned children of Russian artists. It was bequeathed in P.M. Tretyakov's will and built between 1909-1912 by the architect N.S. Kurdyukov and reconstructed in 1931 by the engineer I.E. Kurdyukov.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_004"> <Title>Deesis</Title>
<Text>Deesis (Greek for prayer, supplication) is an icon or a group of icons with the image of Christ Pantocrator in the centre flanked on the right and left by the Holy Virgin and John the Baptist shown in a 3/4 turn to Christ, with hands raised in supplication. The meaning of Deesis is a prayer or entreaty to the saints of the Heavenly King and Judge for the salvation of humankind.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_005"> <Title>The Virgin of the Sign</Title>
<Text>The Virgin of the Sign is one of the iconographic types of the Holy Virgin's images representing Her with arms raised and spread in prayer, with the image of the child Christ on Her breast. The chief message of this iconography is to illustrate the dogma of divine incarnation. Most venerated in Russia was the miracle-working icon "The Novgorod Virgin of the Sign".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_006"> <Title>World of Art (Mir Iskusstva)</Title>
<Text>The World of Art (Mir Iskusstva) was an association of St. Petersburg artists (1898-1924), also the title of the journal published by them. Its leading masters had affinity to European symbolism and Art Nouveau, they produced refined imitations and stylizations from past art periods, and were especially celebrated by graphic and theatre artists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_007"> <Title>Abramtsevo</Title>
<Text>Abramtsevo was an estate near Moscow owned by the railway magnate and art patron S.I. Mamontov. This is now a museum and park dedicated to the activities of the artistic circle formed round Mamontov.</Text>
<Text>The Abramtsevo circle was an artistic association which emerged in the mid-1870s in the Abramtsevo area, the country estate of art patron S.I. Mamontov. Among its members were the major names of that period - I.E. Repin, V.D. Polenov, V.M. Vasnetsov, V.A. Serov, K.A. Korovin, M.A.Vrubel, M.V. Nesterov and others.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_009"> <Title>Rastrelli, Francesco Bartholomew (1700-1771)</Title>
<Text>Francesco Bartholomew Rastrelli (1700-1771) was an architect who worked in the style of Russian baroque. After 1738 he became the chief architect for the royal court. His major works are: the Great Palace in Peterhof, the Great Royal (Catherine's) Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, the Smolny Convent and the Winter Palace in Petersburg.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_010"> <Title>Vysotsky, Vladimir Semyonovich (1938-1980)</Title>
<Text>Vysotsky, Vladimir Semyonovich (1938-1980) was a singer, poet, stage and film actor and a dramatist.</Text>
<Text>The "Severe Style" was a trend in Soviet art during the late 1950s-early 1960s. Its characteristic features were the poetization and heroization of ordinary people's life, of their work-a-day reality; monumental compositions, generalised laconic forms, large spots of colour.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_012"> <Title>"Four Arts"</Title>
<Text>The "Four Arts" was an art association (1924-1931) in Moscow. Its principles are best explained in a passage from its declaration, "In the context of Russian tradition we find artistic realism to be most suited to the art culture of our time. And we see the French school as valuable in itself for its full and comprehensive reflection of the basic aspects of the art of painting." </Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_013"> <Title>Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)</Title>
<Text>Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) was a Russian novelist, essayist, journalist and philosopher.</Text>
<Text>Alexandre Cabanel (1823-1889) was a French painter and graphic artist in the academic style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_015"> <Title>Orlovsky, Alexander Osipovich (1777-1832)</Title>
<Text>Orlovsky, Alexander Osipovich (1777-1832) was a Polish-Russian painter and graphic artist who worked in the Romantic style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_016"> <Title>Stael, Anne Louise Germaine de (1766-1817)</Title>
<Text>Anne Louise Germaine de Stael (1766-1817), a French novelist and writer on literary theory and public issues. In 1812 Madame de Stael visited St. Petersburg.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_017"> <Title>Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich (1880-1921)</Title>
<Text>Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich (1880-1921), a Russian poet and a Symbolist.</Text>
<Text>Fet (real name Shenshin), Afanasiy Afanasievich (1820-1892), a Russian poet of the late Romantic period.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_020"> <Title>Kurakin, Alexander Borisovich (1752-1818)</Title>
<Text>Kurakin, Alexander Borisovich (1752-1818) was the son of Prince B.A. Kurakin, Hoffmeister, by his marriage to E.S. Apraksina. He was brought up as a companion to Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, later he became vice-chancellor and was decorated with the orders of St Vladimir and St Andrew. He was also a member of the Maltese order. Between 1809-1812 he was ambassador to Paris.</Text>
<Text>Shchusev, Alexey Victorovich (1873-1949), an architect, director of the Tretyakov Gallery (1926-1929), organiser and director of the Museum of Architecture (1946-1949).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_024"> <Title>The Virgin of Tenderness</Title>
<Text>The Virgin of Tenderness is one of the iconographic types of the Virgin image: the Christ Child sits on Her arm, Their cheeks touching. From the dogmatic point of view this prestages the sacrifice of Christ on the cross as the supreme manifestation of divine love for people. The iconography was widespread in the 11th - 12th centuries.</Text>
<Text>Yegorov, Alexey Yegorovich (1776-1851), a painter of historical subjects, a draughtsman and teacher. Among his pupils at the Academy of Arts were K.P. Bryullov, A.A. Ivanov and others.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_026"> <Title>Skryabin, Alexander Nikolayevich (1871/1872-1915)</Title>
<Text>Skryabin, Alexander Nikolayevich (1871/1872-1915), a Russian composer.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_027"> <Title>Kolpakchi, Maria Modestovna (1892-1971)</Title>
<Text>Kolpakchi, Maria Modestovna (1892-1971) was an art historian who worked at the Tretyakov Gallery from 1924 to 1971, in 1948 she became head of the catalogue department.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_028"> <Title>Rodchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich (1891-1956)</Title>
<Text>Rodchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich (1891-1956), a designer, graphic, photographer and stage designer. A Constructivist artist who worked in the industrial art style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_029"> <Title>Skvortsov, Alexander Mitrofanovich (1884-1948)</Title>
<Text>Skvortsov, Alexander Mitrofanovich (1884-1948), an art historian who was acting director of the Tretyakov Gallery probably between 1-26 February 1919 and 24-27 November 1925.</Text>
<Text>Bakhrushin, Alexey Petrovich (1853-1904) was a bibliophile who left his memoirs about Moscow collectors ("From the notebook of A.P. Bakhrushin. Who Collects What", 1916). His library (about 20,000 volumes) was handed over to the History Museum (now kept at the National History Library).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_034"> <Title>Botkina, Alexandra Pavlovna (1867-1959)</Title>
<Text>Botkina, Alexandra Pavlovna (1867-1959), the daughter of P.M. Tretyakov, married S.S. Botkin in 1890. From 1899 to 1912 she was on the board of the City Art Gallery of P. and S. Tretyakov as it was known then. Later she became a member of the Academic Council of the State Tretyakov Gallery. She is the author of the book "Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov in Life and in Art".</Text>
<Text>Ryabushkin, Andrey Petrovich (1861-1904), a painter and master of retrospective subjects in the Neo-Russian style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_036"> <Title>Kaminsky, Alexander Stepanovich (1829-1897)</Title>
<Text>Kaminsky, Alexander Stepanovich (1829-1897), an architect. He designed Tretyakovsky Proyezd (1869-1871), the house of S.M. Tretyakov in Prechistensky Bvld and the rooms of P.M. Tretyakov's gallery (1872, 1874, 1882, 1885, 1892) in Moscow.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_037"> <Title>Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich (1799-1837)</Title>
<Text>Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich (1799-1837), a poet, novelist, dramatist and publisher. His major works include the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" (1823-1831), the historical drama "Boris Godunov" (1825), "The Little Tragedies" (1830), the poem "The Bronze Horseman" (1833) and others. He died 29 January 1837 of injuries received during a duel with G. Dantes.</Text>
<Text>Abstract Expressionism (here) is an art trend from the early 20th century founded by V.V. Kandinsky. It was aimed at the gradual extraction of the pure (abstract) elements of the art form: colour, line, composition.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_040"> <Title>Avant-garde</Title>
<Text>Avant-garde is a notion encompassing various experimental searches in 20th century art. Its characteristic features are the rejection of classical norms of representation established in European art since the Renaissance period; the pursuit of new discoveries in the art form as well as the development of new principles for art functioning in society.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_041"> <Title>Academism</Title>
<Text>Academism is part of the art culture directed towards the preservation and development of the most perfect established standards of art as the basis for professional schooling.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_042"> <Title>The Academy of Arts</Title>
<Text>The Academy of Arts in Russia (founded in St. Petersburg in 1757, from 1764 known as the Imperial Academy of Arts) is the highest national establishment in the field of plastic arts. In the 18th-19th centuries it played an outstanding role in training Russia's pool of artistic talent and became the centre of the country's artistic life.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_043"> <Title>Allegory</Title>
<Text>Allegory (from the Greek for other and speak) is the representation of an abstract idea through an image. In plastic arts it may be expressed by certain accepted attributes (as justice by a woman holding a scale). It is most characteristic of medieval art, of Renaissance, mannerism, baroque and classicism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_044"> <Title>Underground</Title>
<Text>Underground is a general term for unofficial art in Russia during the 1950s - 1970s which was practically banned from being displayed at public exhibitions.</Text>
<Text>Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740) was the second daughter of Tsar Ioann Alexeyevich (the elder brother of Peter the Great) by his wife P.F. Saltykova. In 1710 Anna Ioannovna married the Duke of Kurland Friedrich Wilhelm and was widowed in 1711. She lived in Mittawa, the capital of Kurland, for 19 years until 1730 when she was crowned Empress of Russia.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_047"> <Title>Anticlerical</Title>
<Text>Anticlerical means opposed to the dominant role of the church in the economic, political and social life of society.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_048"> <Title>Cameo</Title>
<Text>A cameo is a precious stone with a figure carved in relief and was used as an ornament or a decoration.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_049"> <Title>The Arnold School</Title>
<Text>The Arnold School for deaf-mute children was founded in Moscow in the early 1860s by Ivan Arnold (1805-1891). P.M. Tretyakov was a trustee and after his death its name was changed to the Arnold-Tretyakov School.</Text>
<Text>The Artists' Cooperative ("Artel") was an association founded in St. Petersburg in 1863 by young painters who participated in the "Rebellion of the 14" at the Academy of Arts. They pursued the aim of providing themselves with a reliable livelihood by selling their works, staging exhibitions and disseminating their ideas.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_051"> <Title>The Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (Russian abbr. AHRR)</Title>
<Text>The Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (Russian abbr. AHRR) (Moscow, 1922-1932; in 1928 the name was modified to AHR - Association of the Artists of the Revolution). It was founded by artists who followed Realism and set themselves the task of "àreflecting in art documentally the greatest moment of history in its revolutionary drive."</Text>
<Text>The Barbizon School was a group of French landscape painters from the 1830-1860s. The name was taken from the village where the artists worked. They tried to capture in their pictures specific landscape motifs asserting the asthetic value of their country's nature. They developed the technique for tonal painting rich in nuances of light and colour.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_053"> <Title>Baroque</Title>
<Text>Baroque (from Italian for intricate, fancy) was a style dominant in European art from the late 16th to mid-18th century. It encompassed all kinds of creativity, but found the most powerful and monumental expression in architecture and representational arts. It was distinguishable by its splendour and picturesque contrasts of light and shade.</Text>
<Text>Non-objective art is the same as abstract or non-figurative art. The term was first used in Russia and Germany.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_055"> <Title>The Hospitality of Abraham</Title>
<Text>The Hospitality of Abraham is a subject based on the Old Testament (Genesis XVIII) and the story of Abraham meeting three mysterious strangers (later called angels) who prophesised to him over a meal of the wonderous birth of his son Isaac. Thus Abraham was to be "the source of a great and mighty nation and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_056"> <Title>"Rebellion of the 14"</Title>
<Text>The "Rebellion of the 14" occurred in 1863 at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg when 14 students refused to paint their graduation work on a subject from Scandinavian mythology but asked permission to choose their own subjects. As their request was refused, they left the Academy without diplomas and set up a cooperative of artists in St. Petersburg.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_057"> <Title>Relics</Title>
<Text>Relics (here) are the bodies of Christian saints that, in the traditional view, remained uncorrupted after their death. The worship of relics as sacred objects goes back to the earliest times of Christianity and was reinforced by many miracles and cures that took place in public with their help.</Text>
<Text>Genre painting draws its subjects from daily life - private or public - of people from all classes and occupations.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_059"> <Title>The World Peace Council (WPC)</Title>
<Text>The World Peace Council (WPC) is the leading organisation of the peace movement set up in 1950. It represents over 200 national organisations in more than 150 countries. Its secretariat is in Helsinki, Finland.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_060"> <Title>Milashevsky, Vladimir Alexeyevich (1893-1976)</Title>
<Text>Milashevsky, Vladimir Alexeyevich (1893-1976), a draughtsman and painter in watercolour and oil. Author of landscapes, portraits and genre subjects.</Text>
<Text>Rozhdestvensky, Vasily Vasilievich (1884-1963), a painter and member of the art group "Jack of Diamonds".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_062"> <Title>Stasov, Vladimir Vasilievich (1824-1906)</Title>
<Text>Stasov, Vladimir Vasilievich (1824-1906), an art critic, the leading ideologist of the "Itinerary Exhibitions" artists and the "Mighty Five" composers and Slavophils. He was an advocate of folk roots and originality in Russian art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_063"> <Title>Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872)</Title>
<Text>Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872), was a Russian lexicographer, ethnographer and writer. He was the author of the collected works "Proverbs of the Russian People" (1861-1862) and of "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Russian Language" (Vol. 1-4, 1863-1866).</Text>
<Text>Yakobi, Valery Ivanovich (1834-1902), a painter of genre subjects and one of the founding members of the Itinerary Art Exhibitions Company.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_065"> <Title>Golitsin, Vladimir Mikhailovich (1847-1932)</Title>
<Text>Prince Golitsin, Vladimir Mikhailovich (1847-1932), was the Mayor of Moscow and a member of the first Council of the Tretyakov Gallery and its trustee (1899-1904).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_066"> <Title>Ghirshman, Vladimir Osipovich (1867-1936)</Title>
<Text>Ghirshman, Vladimir Osipovich (1867-1936), a Moscow industrialist, art patron and collector.</Text>
<Text>Derzhavin, Gavrila Romanovich (1743-1816), a poet and statesman: cabinet-secretary to Catherine II (1791-1793), senator (1793), President of Commerce-Collegium (1794), Minister of Justice (1802). Retired since 1803. A member of the literary society "Intercourse of Russian Speech Lovers" (since 1811).</Text>
<Text>Geometric abstraction is a variety of abstract painting with a preference for geometric figures. An example of this type is the Suprematism of Kazimir Malevich.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_079"> <Title>The Order of St Andrew the First-Called</Title>
<Text>The Order of St Andrew the First-Called was the first and highest decoration of the Russian state introduced by Peter I in 1698. It had one degree and consisted of a gold cross, a star, a blue ribbon and a gold chain. It was granted to members of the royal family, heads of foreign states and persons who distinguished themselves in battle or state service.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_080"> <Title>Homer</Title>
<Text>Homer, a legendary Greek poet whose name is associated with two great works - "The Iliad" and "Odyssey" which became a source of European literature.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_081"> <Title>RKKA - the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army</Title>
<Text>RKKA is the Russian abbreviation for the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army which was established on 23 February 1918. It was the official name of the Army until 1946 when it was renamed the Soviet Army.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_082"> <Title>Grotesque</Title>
<Text>Grotesque (from the French for quaint), a type of art imagery based on a contrasting bizarre combination of the fantastic and real, beautiful and ugly, tragic and comic.</Text>
<Text>Shmarinov, Dementy Alexeyevich (1907-1999), a graphic artist, master of book illustrations of the traditional Romantic type.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_086"> <Title>Vsechestvo</Title>
<Text>Vsechestvo (from the Russian - for all) was a term used in the early 1910s to denote the process of absorption and the further synthetic transformation of various new trends in European painting in the light of national traditions in Russian art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_087"> <Title>Bourdelle, Emile Antoine (1861-1929)</Title>
<Text>Bourdelle, Emile Antoine (1861-1929), a French sculptor.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_088"> <Title>Design</Title>
<Text>Design (here) is used for a method of creating an environment meeting the requirements of beauty, expediency, economy and convenience.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_089"> <Title>Borisova-Musatova, Elena Vladimirovna</Title>
<Text>Borisova-Musatova, Elena Vladimirovna, nee Alexandrova, wife of the artist V.E. Borisov-Musatov.</Text>
<Text>Tyomkina, Elizaveta Grigorievna(1775-?), daughter of Catherine II and G.A. Potyomkin. She was brought up in the family of Potyomkin's nephew A.N. Samoilov. In 1794 she married I. Kalageorgy who had been invited from Greece to the retinue of the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. Later Kalageorgy was made Governor of the Kherson (Ekaterinoslav) province.</Text>
<Text>Nosova, Evfimia Pavlovna, nee Ryabushinskaya (1883-?), wife of the "broadcloth king" Nosov. She was an art collector.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_092"> <Title>Krendovsky, Evgraf Fyodorovich (1810-not before 1854)</Title>
<Text>Krendovsky, Evgraf Fyodorovich (1810-not before 1854), a painter in oil and watercolour, a master of genre subjects and portraits.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_093"> <Title>Catherine II (1729-1796)</Title>
<Text>Catherine II (1729-1796), born Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, in 1745 became the wife of the Grand Duke Pyotr (who became Emperor Peter III in 1761), in 1762 she became Russian Empress.</Text>
<Text>Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761), daughter of Peter I and Catherine I, and Russian Empress from 1741. She ascended to the throne following a palace coup in which she overthrew and imprisoned the infant Ioanne VI Antonovich.</Text>
<Text>Kuzma Minin Minich (?-1616) organised the national liberation struggle of the Russian people against the Polish invasion in the early 17th century. He was one of the leaders of the second national defence in 1611-1612, a folk hero, who backed the military campaign of D.M. Pozharsky.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_097"> <Title>Ingres, Jean August Dominic (1780-1867)</Title>
<Text>Ingres, Jean August Dominic (1780-1867), a French painter, graphic artist and musician. An artist of pictures on literary, historical and religious subjects.</Text>
<Text>Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky (1578-1642), boyar (from 1613), a national hero and a military commander who received the support of K. Minin. He participated in the first national defence of 1611 and then was among the leaders of the second national defence and a member of the provisional people's government.</Text>
<Text>Eschatological prophecy (from the Greek for last) predicts the ultimate fate of the world and humanity.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_100"> <Title>St Nicetas, great martyr</Title>
<Text>St Nicetas, great martyr, was greatly venerated in Byzantium and in Russia. Tradition has it that he came from a Gothic tribe, was converted to Christianity, and was put to death in the year 370. He was especially worshipped in Russia for helping to overcome evil spirits and was often depicted treading on a demon. He is commemorated on 15 (28) September.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_101"> <Title>Morozov, Ivan Abramovich (1871-1921)</Title>
<Text>Morozov, Ivan Abramovich (1871-1921), a member of the Morozov merchant dynasty and well-known Moscow industrialists. He collected works of modern (latest in his day) French painting.</Text>
<Text>Zarins (Zarin), Indulis (1929-1997), a Latvian painter.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_103"> <Title>Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich (1818-1883)</Title>
<Text>Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich (1818-1883), a Russian writer and corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860). A master of style and of psychological analysis who was a highly influential on the development of Russian and world literature.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_104"> <Title>Firsov, Ivan Ivanovich (circa 1730?-not before 1784)</Title>
<Text>Firsov, Ivan Ivanovich (circa 1730?-not before 1784), a painter. He specialised in decorative painting of palace and church interiors, as well as decorations for public festivities.</Text>
<Text>Stalin (Dzhugashvili), Iosif Vissarionovich (1879-1953), 1922-1953 Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1941 The Chairman of the Soviet (i.e. council) of the People's Commissars (later called the Soviet of Ministers) of the USSR, in 1941-1945 Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Army. The years of his rule were marked by a cult of personality and a policy of mass persecutions.</Text>
<Text>Erenburg, Ilya Grigorievich (1891-1967), a Soviet writer, essayist and public figure.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_109"> <Title>Starov, Ivan Yegorovich (1745-1808)</Title>
<Text>Starov, Ivan Yegorovich (1745-1808), an architect. His major works were the Tavricheski Palace and the Trinity Cathedral in St. Petersburg. From 1785 he was professor and in 1794 - the adjunct-rector of the Academy of Arts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_110"> <Title>Tsvetkov, Ivan Evmenievich (1845-1917)</Title>
<Text>Tsvetkov, Ivan Evmenievich(1845-1917), an art collector and member of the Council at the Tretyakov Gallery (1899-1905).</Text>
<Text>Isadzhanov, Isadzhan Stepanovich (1872-1937), an art collector whose collection was nationalised in 1919 and served as the basis for the creation of the Lunacharsky Proletarian Museum which closed down in 1928, its exhibits were distributed among other museums.</Text>
<Text>Ostroukhov, Ilya Semyovovich (1858-1929), a landscape painter and a prominent figure on the art scene. He was a friend of P.M. Tretyakov, a member of the Council at the Tretyakov Gallery (1899-1903) and a trustee (1905-1913). After his death Ostroukhov's icon and modern painting collection was transferred to the State Tretyakov Gallery.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_115"> <Title>Stravinsky, Igor Fyodorovich (1882-1971)</Title>
<Text>Stravinsky, Igor Fyodorovich (1882-1971), a composer.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_116"> <Title>Vishnyakov, Ivan Yakovlevich (1699-1761)</Title>
<Text>Vishnyakov, Ivan Yakovlevich (1699-1761), a portrait artist, decorator and icon painter. He took part in preparing the coronation festivities for Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (1742). From 1739-1761 he was head of the "painters' command" attached to the Building Office.</Text>
<Text>Knebel, Iosif Nikolayevich (1854-1926), a prominent Moscow publisher specialising in illustrated monographs of artists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_119"> <Title>Impressionism</Title>
<Text>Impressionism (from the French for impression) was an art trend that emerged in the last third of the 19th and continued into the early 20th century. It came from France in the 1860s and strove to create a sensation of light and air by using separate strokes of pure colour on a white background.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_120"> <Title>The Building Office</Title>
<Text>The Building Office was a department founded in 1706 on the order of Peter I for controlling construction works in the city. From 1720 it was joined with the "painters' command" employing artists who decorated residences and churches.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_121"> <Title>Inoskazanie</Title>
<Text>Inoskazanie, a Russian word meaning an expression of concealed meaning. The same as allegory.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_122"> <Title>Installation</Title>
<Text>Installation is an art genre popular in the late 20th century in which a work is created in space as a combination of various art objects and ready-made items.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_123"> <Title>Lexicon</Title>
<Text>Lexicon is a reference book on a certain subject or field of knowledge.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_124"> <Title>Self-portrait</Title>
<Text>A self-portrait is the a portrait of the artist painted by himself. In self-portraits artists usually assert their sense of being, assess their personality and express their artistic principles.</Text>
<Text>Historical pictures represent notable figures or great historical events in mankind's history. Although they usually draw their subjects from the past, they may also depict comparatively recent events if the historical significance is already understood by their contemporaries.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_126"> <Title>Canaletto</Title>
<Text>Canaletto (real name Canale), Giovanni Antonio (1697-1768), an Italian painter of so-called "vedutas", mostly views of Venice with scenes of city life.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_127"> <Title>Canova, Antonio (1757-1822)</Title>
<Text>Canova, Antonio (1757-1822), an Italian sculptor of the classical revival style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_128"> <Title>Sotheby's</Title>
<Text>Sotheby's is one of the leading art auction houses and was founded in London in 1744.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_129"> <Title>Savitsky, Konstantin Apollonovich (1844-1905)</Title>
<Text>Savitsky, Konstantin Apollonovich (1844-1905), a painter, member of the Itinerant Exhibitions Company and Author of multi-figure genre compositions.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_130"> <Title>Glazed tiles</Title>
<Text>Glazed tiles are ceramic tiles used for facing stoves or walls. Glaze is a mixture for covering ceramic items which forms a glass-like coat in the heat of the kiln.</Text>
<Text>Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich (1881-1969), a Soviet statesman, Communist Party and military leader. During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) he was Commander-in-Chief of several fronts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_134"> <Title>Catherine I Alexeyevna (1684-1727)</Title>
<Text>Catherine I Alexeyevna (1684-1727), born Martha Skavronskaya (Veselovskaya according to other sources), the second wife of Peter I. The Russian Empress from 1725.</Text>
<Text>Soldatenkov, Kuzma Terentievich (1818-1901), an art collector, who created a Russian painting collection during the 1850-1860s. He came from a merchant family of old believers.</Text>
<Text>Bedny, Demian (Efim Pridvorov) (1883-1945), a Russian poet, author of satirical verse popular during the Civil War, rhymed feuilletons, fables and songs.</Text>
<Text>Gorky, Maxim (real name Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov, 1868-1936) a writer of novels, stories, dramas, essays, a critic and a public figure. He was the father of Socialist Realism in literature, founder and the first leader of the Writers' Union of the USSR.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_138"> <Title>Yuon, Konstantin Fyodorovich (1875-1958)</Title>
<Text>Yuon, Konstantin Fyodorovich (1875-1958), a landscape painter and member of the art group "The World of Art".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_139"> <Title>Dimity</Title>
<Text>Dimity is a strong cotton cloth woven with ornamental stripes or fancy figures.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_140"> <Title>Canon</Title>
<Text>Canon (from the Greek for rule), (here) a special genre of church service singing. It consists of nine songs, each related in its imagery and content to an event from biblical history. Most church canons were composed by Andrew of Crete, John Damascene and Cosma of Mayume.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_141"> <Title>Classicism</Title>
<Text>Classicism (from the Latin), a style in literature and art of the 17th-early 19th centuries inspired by the classical antiquity as the norm and the ideal model.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_143"> <Title>Altar</Title>
<Text>An altar (from the Latin for high) is the main part of a temple, the place on which a sacrifice is offered.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_144"> <Title>Monet, Claud Oscar (1840-1926)</Title>
<Text>Monet, Claud Oscar (1840-1926), a French painter and Impressionist.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_147"> <Title>Composition</Title>
<Text>Composition is the organisation of space in a work of art.</Text>
<Text>Constructivism (from the Latin for build) was a trend in Soviet art during the 1920s with a preference for simplified laconic geometrical forms reflecting in art the construction process. Among the followers of that style in Russia were V.E. Tatlin and L.S. Popova.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_150"> <Title>Conceptualism</Title>
<Text>Conceptualism (from the Latin for idea) is an Avant-Garde trend that emerged in the 1960s. A feature of the trend is the rejection of implementing the idea through conventional art media, but expressing it through texts, inscriptions and documents. Among followers of this trend were D. Koshut, I. Kabakov, M. Pistoletto and others.</Text>
<Text>Critical realism was a trend in European and American art that emerged in the mid-19th century. It leaned towards depicting people's daily life, particularly the poor. In Russia it was most widespread in the second half of the 19th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_153"> <Title>Tolstoy, Lev Nikolayevich (1828-1910)</Title>
<Text>Count Lev Tolstoy (1828-1910), a writer and philosopher who in 1880s started a social, philosophical, moral and religious movement known as "Tolstovstvo". Its basic ideas were the rejection of and opposition to evil and violence and moral self-perfection as a way of reforming society.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_154"> <Title>Turzhansky, Leonard Victorovich (1875-1945)</Title>
<Text>Turzhansky, Leonard (Leonid) Victorovich (1875-1945), a landscape painter who continued the tradition of Russian landscape art of the late 19th -early 20th centuries.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_155"> <Title>Bakst, Lev Samoilovich (1866-1924)</Title>
<Text>Bakst (Rosenberg), Lev Samoilovich (1866-1924), a graphic artist, painter and stage designer. A member of the group "The World of Art".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_156"> <Title>Lagorio, Lev Felixovich (1827-1905)</Title>
<Text>Lagorio, Lev Felixovich (1827-1905), a painter of marine and watercolours.</Text>
<Text>Klodt (von Jurgensburg), Mikhail Petrovich (1835-1914), a painter in oil and watercolour, draughtsman and engraver in the etching technique. Author of genre and historical pictures on mythological and literary subjects. A founding member of the Itinerant Exhibitions Company.</Text>
<Text>Fortuny (Fortuny-y-Carbo), Mariano (1838-1874), a Spanish painter and graphic artist popular for his genre pictures inspired by the exotic Oriental and colourful Spanish life.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_162"> <Title>Ciurlionis, Mikalous Konstantinas (1875-1911)</Title>
<Text>Ciurlionis, Mikalous Konstantinas (1875-1911), a Lithuanian painter and composer who worked in the Symbolist style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_163"> <Title>Shibanov, Mikhail (?-not before 1789)</Title>
<Text>Shibanov, Mikhail (?-not before 1789), a painter.</Text>
<Text>Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilievich (1711-1765), the first Russian world class scientist, a poet who laid the foundation for the modern Russian literary language, an artist and historian. He encouraged the development of education, science and economy in Russia.</Text>
<Text>Kristi, Mikhail (1875-1956), a journalist and historian. Director of the Tretyakov Gallery from 1 December 1928 to 17 March 1932. Under his guidance the church of St Nicholas in Tolmachi was attached to the Gallery in 1929. His second period as director of the Gallery was from 28 July 1934 to 29 Sept 1937. At that time eight new rooms were added to the (four on the ground floor and four on the first floor) </Text>
<Text>Mussorgsky, Modest Petrovich (1839-1881), a composer, member of the "Mighty Five" group and one of the most important names in Russian classical music. Author of the famous operas "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina", the piano suite in ten pieces "Pictures at the Exhibition" and other works.</Text>
<Text>Ryabushinsky, Mikhail Pavlovich (1880-1960), a third generation member of a merchant dynasty and a Moscow art collector.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_174"> <Title>The Baryshnikov sisters Maria Sergeyevna and Christina Sergeyevna</Title>
<Text>The Baryshnikov sisters Maria and Christina were owners of a collection of pictures.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_175"> <Title>Majolica</Title>
<Text>Majolica (after the Mediterranean island Mallorca) a kind of ceramic made from coloured coarse, grained clay, fired and then coated with opaque enamel which makes it extremely durable.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_176"> <Title>Metaphor</Title>
<Text>Metaphor (from the Greek for transfer), a figure of speech in which the propertes of one object are transferred to another to which they do not literally apply on the basis of similarity or contrast.</Text>
<Text>Morozov, Mikhail Abramovich (1870-1903), a Moscow industrialist and art patron who collected the latest Russian and French painting and bequeathed his collection to the Tretyakov Gallery.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_178"> <Title>Art Nouveau</Title>
<Text>Art Nouveau was a style in European art (known in Russia as 'Modern') which emerged around the turn of the 20th century. The principal features were decorativeness, ornamentality, stylization and striving for a synthesis of architecture, sculpture, painting and applied art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_179"> <Title>Mosaic</Title>
<Text>Mosaic (from the Latin/Greek for the Muses), a pictorial technique which created representations of bits of specially treated coloured glass (smalta). It was widespread in antiquity and in Byzantium whence it came to Russia in the 11th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_180"> <Title>Monograph</Title>
<Text>A monograph is a scholarly (scientific) study which concentrates on one theme or a limited number of problems.</Text>
<Text>The Moscow Orphan Asylum was a charitable institution for the poor, orphans and foundlings that relied on voluntary contributions. It was founded on the initiative of I.I. Betskoy on the proclamation of Catherine II in 1763 "On Instituting a Moscow Orphan Asylum". The building foundations were laid 21 April 1764 on the birthday of Catherine II.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_183"> <Title>The Moscow Public and Rumyantsevsky Museums</Title>
<Text>The Moscow Public and Rumyantsevsky Museums, better known in the early 20th century as the Rumyantsevsky Museum, contained a brilliant collection of Russian painting and Graphic art. The art collections of F.I. Pryanishnikov and K.T. Soldatenkov formed the basis for the museums collection.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_184"> <Title>The Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (MSPSA)</Title>
<Text>The Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (MSPSA) (prior to 1865 known as the Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture) was established in 1843 on a public Art Class basis. It functioned until 1918 when it was transformed into the Second State Free Art Workshop.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_185"> <Title>The Museum of Painterly Culture</Title>
<Text>The Museum of Painterly Culture (abbr. Muzhik) was founded after 1917 to house contemporary painting of predominantly leftist trends. The museum was closed down and its exhibits were distributed among other museums in 1928.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_186"> <Title>The Museum of Fine Arts</Title>
<Text>The Museum of Fine Arts dedicated to Emperor Alexander III was opened in 1912 on the basis of the Cabinet of Fine Arts of Moscow University created in the mid-19th century and transformed into the Museum of Cast Copies attached to the University on the initiative of Pofessor I.V. Tsvetayev. Since 1937 it has been known as The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_187"> <Title>The Ostroukhov Museum of Icons and Painting</Title>
<Text>The Museum of Icons and Painting contained the collection of I.S. Ostroukhov's icons, pictures, studies and drawings which was nationalised after the October Revolution. It was affiliated to the Tretyakov Gallery until 1929 and after Ostroukhov's death was handed over to the Gallery.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_188"> <Title>Kuzmin, Nikolay Vasilievich (1890-1987)</Title>
<Text>Kuzmin, Nikolay Vasilievich (1890-1987), a book designer and illustrator. Also author of easel drawings and watercolours, mostly landscapes and still lifes.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_189"> <Title>Rubinstein, Nikolay Grigoievich (1835-1881)</Title>
<Text>Rubinstein, Nikolay Grigoievich (1835-1881), a pianist, conductor and teacher.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_190"> <Title>Laveretsky, Nikolay Akimovich (1837-1907)</Title>
<Text>Laveretsky, Nikolay Akimovich (1837-1907), a Sculptor, author of genre compositions and portraits.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_191"> <Title>Lvov, Nikolay Alexandrovich (1751-1803)</Title>
<Text>Lvov, Nikolay Alexandrovich (1751-1803), a poet, translator, architect, graphic artist, musician, botanist and collector of Russian folk songs. A friend of the poets G.R. Derzhavin, V.V. Kapnist and I.I. Khemnitser. He was married to M.A. Dyakova.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_192"> <Title>Nekrasov, Nikolay Alexeyevich (1821-1877/1878)</Title>
<Text>Nekrasov, Nikolay Alexeyevich (1821-1877/1878) - a poet of the democratic trend.</Text>
<Text>Udaltsova, Nadezhda Andreyevna (1886-1961), a painter and master of applied art, author of still lifes, portraits, landscapes and thematic compositions.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_194"> <Title>Yaroshenko, Nikolay Alexandrovich (1846-1898)</Title>
<Text>Yaroshenko, Nikolay Alexandrovich (1846-1898), a painter and one of the leading members of the Itinerant Exhibitions Company.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_195"> <Title>Mashkovtsev, Nikolay Georgievich (1887-1962)</Title>
<Text>Mashkovtsev, Nikolay Georgievich (1887-1962), an art historian and critic. In 1917-1927 deputy curator of the Tretyakov Gallery and 1927-1930 its deputy-director for research studies.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_196"> <Title>Rerich (Roerich), Nikolay Konstantinovich (1874-1947)</Title>
<Text>Rerich (Roerich), Nikolay Konstantinovich (1874-1947), a painter, graphic artist, stage designer, philosopher, poet, religious thinker and activist. A member of the group "The World of Art".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_197"> <Title>Karamzin, Nikolay Mikhailovich (1766-1826)</Title>
<Text>Karamzin, Nikolay Mikhailovich (1766-1826), a writer, historian and a leading Sentimentalist in Russian literature. In 1791-1792 he became the editor of the Moscow Journal in which he published his literary writings. The major work of his life was the twelve-volume "The History of the Russian State".</Text>
<Text>Kondakov, Nikodim Pavlovich (1844-1925), an art historian and expert on Old Russian art (icon painting).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_199"> <Title>Likhachov, Nikolay Petrovich (1862-1936)</Title>
<Text>Likhachov, Nikolay Petrovich (1862-1936), an expert on Byzantine and Old Russian icon-painting and a collector.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_200"> <Title>Mason (an adherent of Freemasonry)</Title>
<Text>Mason (an adherent of Freemasonry) is a movement that goes back many centuries, but in modern time it first emerged in Britain in the early 18th century and then spread over Europe and Russia. Preaching moral self-perfection is accompanied in with an involved system of ritual. In 1792 it was banned in Russia, but under Paul I the persecutions ceased.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_201"> <Title>The National Museum Fund</Title>
<Text>The National Museum Fund was founded in 1918 with the active participation of I.E. Grabar and later given its present name - the State Museum Fund. It was a collection of art works from nationalised palaces, mansions and country estates. During the period of 1918-1927 the Moscow and Leningrad branches of the SMF were the main source for maintaining the Tretyakov Gallery's collection.</Text>
<Text>National Romanticism (here) is used to describe an art movement of the late 19th-early 20th century characterised by a revival of interest in the national artistic tradition within mainstream European Art Nouveau. It surfaced in Russia in the early 1880s in the creative atmosphere of the Abramtsevo circle.</Text>
<Text>The Neo-Russian style was a movement within the national-romantic stream of Russian Art Nouveau which found the fullest expression in architecture, decorative and applied art, in book graphics and stage design. Its features were the stylization of folk applied art and the use of folklore motifs.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_204"> <Title>Object</Title>
<Text>An object (here) is an art work in which the author uses artificially created or ready-made things.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_205"> <Title>Renoir, Pierre Auguste (1841-1919)</Title>
<Text>Renoir, Pierre Auguste (1841-1919), a French Impressionist painter.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_206"> <Title>The Great October Socialist Revolution</Title>
<Text>The Great October Socialist Revolution of 7 November (25 October old style) 1917 was an armed uprising led by the Bolshevik Party, which resulted in the seizure of power by the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.</Text>
<Text>The Armoury has been around since 1547, initially as Russia's state institution which in the late 16th - early 18th centuries controlled the production, purchase and storage of arms, jewels, palace furniture and accessories. In 1640 the icon painters' workshops were added to it. Today it is a museum at the Moscow Kremlin.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_209"> <Title>The Society of Easel Painters (Russian abbr. OST).</Title>
<Text>The Society of Easel Painters (Russian abbr. OST) (Moscow, 1925-1932) was founded by graduates of the Moscow VHUTEMAS art college. The society aimed to promote easel art forms and reviving the realist method. The art idiom used by its members was a blend of elements from Expressionism and Constructivism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_210"> <Title>Nu(e)</Title>
<Text>Nu(e) is the French for nude used in Russian as a term for refering to nude, most often, female figures.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_211"> <Title>Reichstag</Title>
<Text>Reichstag is a building in Berlin, formerly the seat of the Nazi government. It was ruined during the Second World War, but restored in the 1990s as a symbol of a united Germany.</Text>
<Text>Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich (1840-1893), a composer, a great symphonist, musical dramatist and critic. He created operas, ballets, symphonies and chamber music of the highest standard.</Text>
<Text>Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736), a church dignatory and public figure, writer, publicist and historian. In 1721 he became Vice-President of the Holy Synod. In his "Spiritual Reglament" he affirmed the new system of church administration headed by the Synod. He took part in setting up the Academy of Sciences and left a number of works on history.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_215"> <Title>Pastoral</Title>
<Text>A pastoral (from the Latin for shepherd), (here) a genre variety in representational art, a picture of the idyllic, peaceful life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the natural setting.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_216"> <Title>Empire style</Title>
<Text>The Empire style (from French for empire) was prevalent in architecture and representational art of the first third of the 19th century. It was the late stages in the evolution of Classicism. The art had a more laconic and austere form. Samples of the Russian Empire style can be found in the urban ensembles in the centre of St. Petersburg.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_217"> <Title>Landscape</Title>
<Text>Landscape is a genre of representational art encompassing natural scenery of all types of environment or specific views - mountains, rivers, forests, fields or historical relics.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_218"> <Title>The All-Russia Restoration and Research Art Centre of I.E. Grabar</Title>
<Text>The All-Russia Restoration and Research Art Centre of I.E. Grabar is the leading centre for the professional restoration of tempera and oil paintings founded by I.E. Grabar.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_219"> <Title>The First World War</Title>
<Text>The First World War (28 July 1914 - 11 November 1918) was the first military global conflict (involved 38 out of 59 independent states that existed at that time). Approximately 73.5 million people were mobilised, of that number 9.5 million were killed, over 20 million were wounded and 3.5 million were invalided.</Text>
<Text>The "travelling" artists ("Peredvizhniki") were artists who formed a democratic union called The Society of Travelling Art Exhibitions (STAE) in 1870. They were firm followers of the realistic style and travelled exhibiting their pictures, many of which contained sharp social criticism, to various cities in Russia - hence the name of the movement.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_221"> <Title>Performance</Title>
<Text>A performance (here) is a genre of contemporary art, a variant of actionism that emerged in the 1960s. It is a public show which makes use of many different art mediums - pantomime, dance, music, poetry, video and cinema.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_222"> <Title>Pestryad</Title>
<Text>Pestryad is a strong coarse fabric woven from remnants of different kinds of yarn (wool, flax, cotton) and of different colours, often striped.</Text>
<Text>Anna Leopoldovna (1718-1746), Princess of Brunswick and Luneburg, niece of the Empress Anna Ioannovna, lived in Russia from 1722, in 1739 she married Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. In 1740 became regent to her infant son Ioann Antonovich. In 1741, when Elizaveta Petrovna seized the throne, she was sent into exile and died in the northern town of Kholmogori.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_224"> <Title>Peter the Great (1672-1725)</Title>
<Text>Peter the Great (1672-1725), became Russian Tsar in 1682 (ruled since 1689) and the first Russian Emperor (1721), the younger son of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich. He carried out reforms of state government and the entire political and cultural structure of society.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_225"> <Title>Peter III (1728-1762)</Title>
<Text>Peter III (Karl Peter Ulrich) (1728-1762), the son of Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp and Peter I daughter Anna Petrovna. Under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna he was heir-apparent and after her death in 1761 became Emperor. This lasted a year as he was overthrown and murdered in a coup by his wife, future Empress Catherine II.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_226"> <Title>Plein air</Title>
<Text>Plein air (From French for Plein air), art produced in open air contrary to painting in a studio with artificial lighting.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_227"> <Title>Gauguin, Paul (1848-1903)</Title>
<Text>Gauguin, Paul (1848-1903), a French painter, sculptor, engraver, author of works on ceramics and post-impressionist.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_228"> <Title>The Order of the White Eagle</Title>
<Text>The Order of the White Eagle, a Polish decoration instituted in 1705 by King August II. It was a medallion with a blue ribbon with the image of a white eagle and the motto PRO FIDE REGE LEGE (for faith, king and law). About 1707 the order assumed the shape of a cross. In Russia Peter I and many of his aides involved in reforms were awarded with it.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_229"> <Title>Pop art</Title>
<Text>Pop Art (from popular) was a trend in Western art in the 1960-1970s which reflected the cult of mass consumerism and advertising in modern society. The leading proponents of that style were A. Warhol, R. Raushenberg and D. Rosenquist.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_230"> <Title>Portrait</Title>
<Text>Portrait is a genre of representational art concerned with depicting a particular person or a group of persons. The essential requirement for it is creating an individual likeness.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_231"> <Title>Antiquity</Title>
<Text>Antiquity (from the Latin ancient), ancient times, most often applied to the history and culture of ancient Greece and Rome.</Text>
<Text>Architectonics (from Greek for build) is used to denote a reflection of the structure of a thing or building in its artistic image.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_233"> <Title>Bartholomew</Title>
<Text>Bartholomew was the baptism name of St Sergy of Radonezh (circa 1321-1391), who was a church dignitary and a statesman, the founder and Abbot at the Trinity monastery of St Sergy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_235"> <Title>Struiskaya, Alexandra Petrovna (1754-1840)</Title>
<Text>Struiskaya, Alexandra Petrovna (1754-1840), nee Ozerova, second wife of N.E. Struisky. Grandmother of the poet A.I. Polezhayev.</Text>
<Text>Izmailova, Anastasia Mikhailovna (1703-1761), nee Naryshkina, wife of Major-General V.A. Izmailov. A distant relation, lady of state and friend of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_237"> <Title>John the Baptist</Title>
<Text>John the Baptist, the last of the great Biblical prophets who predicted the advent of the Messiah. Those who believed the prophecy received from him a particular sacrament - "baptism of repentance for the absolution of sins" in the river Jordan. As Jesus Christ came to him to be baptized, John testified to His messianic mission. John was beheaded on the order of Herod Antipa.</Text>
<Text>Vorontsov, Artemiy Ivanovich (1748-1813), the son of Lieutenant-General Count I.I. Vorontsov by his marriage to M.A. Volynskaya. He was made Kamer-Junker (1773) and Senator (1792-1800). A distant relation and godfather of A.S. Pushkin.</Text>
<Text>Novosiltsova, Varvara Yermolayevna (1760-1815), daughter of Ye.V. Tishin, State Counsel and member of the Royal Court Office. She was among the first graduates from the Smolny Institute. Married to Major-General V.A. Novosiltsov.</Text>
<Text>Golovkin, Gavriil Ivanovich (1660-1734), one of the close associates of Peter I, holder of the order of St Andrew the First-Called (1703) State Chancellor (1709), Count (1710), Senator (1717), President of the Foreign Affairs Collegium (1718) and member of the High Privy Council. He supported Empress Anna Ioannovna and was a member of her cabinet.</Text>
<Text>Meyerhold, Vsevolod Emilievich (1874-1940), a stage director, innovator, creator of the Constructivist and mass propaganda theatre.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_243"> <Title>Dyakova, Maria Alexeyevna (1755-1807)</Title>
<Text>Dyakova, Maria Alexeyevna (1755-1807), wife of N.A. Lvov, married him secretly against her parents' will in 1779. Sister of D.A. Derzhavina, second wife of the poet G.R. Derzhavin, and of A.A. Kapnist, wife of the poet V.V. Kapnist. Maria had some literary and stage acting talent.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_244"> <Title>Lopukhina, Maria Ivanovna (1779-1803)</Title>
<Text>Lopukhina, Maria Ivanovna (1779-1803), daughter of Count I.A. Tolstoy and A.F. Maikova, sister of the well-known F.I. Tolstoy nicknamed American and wife of the Jagermeister S.A. Lopukhin. The poet Ya.P. Polonsky wrote a poem "To the Portrait of M.I. Lopukhina" (1885).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_245"> <Title>Icon painting</Title>
<Text>Icon painting is a kind of religious easel painting (mostly of the Orthodox Church) with a strictly defined traditional set of subjects, material basis, technique and methods of execution. The principal aim of an icon painter is to create an image for worship and prayer.</Text>
<Text>Demidov, Prokofy Akinfievich (1710-1786), the elder son of A.N. Demidov, mine and foundery owner in the Urals. Prokofy enjoyed the favour of Catherine II, he donated money for the Moscow Orphan Asylum and Moscow University. He created his own botanical gardens. In 1785 he wrote a treatise "On the Care of Bees".</Text>
<Text>Ursula Mniszek (circa 1750-1808), niece of the last Polish king Stanislaw August Poniatowsky. Her first husband was W. Potocki, she married Count M. Mniszek in 1781 a Lithuanian marshall of the royal court (in 1783 became the Grand Crown Marshal). In 1787 she became Dame of St Catherine's Order and Lady of state (1797).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_248"> <Title>Venerable</Title>
<Text>Venerable is one of the titles given to Christian saints, generally to canonized monks, hermits and clairvoyant insane beggars.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_249"> <Title>Primitive</Title>
<Text>Primitives (from Latin for first), (here) works of early periods of art, also works created in the 18th - 19th centuries by amateur and self-taught artists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_250"> <Title>Primitivism</Title>
<Text>Primitivism (from Latin for first) was an art trend which emerged about the turn of the 20th century characterised by its deliberate simplification of images and expressive means in the imitation of primitive or naive art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_251"> <Title>The Proletarian Museum of the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky District</Title>
<Text>After 1917 works of art preserved in former mansions were displayed publicly. Such displays were called Proletarian Museums. Such a museum was in the Rogozhsko-Simonovsky District of Moscow which housed exhibits. It was closed down as were all the other Proletarian Museums.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_252"> <Title>Enlightenment</Title>
<Text>Enlightenment was the philosophic trend that came to Russia in the mid-18th century. Its main idea was reforming society on the basis of "eternal justice" and human equality which resulted from their nature and "natural human rights".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_253"> <Title>Klein, Roman Ivanovich (1858-1924)</Title>
<Text>Klein, Roman Ivanovich (1858-1924), an architect.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_254"> <Title>Raznochintsi</Title>
<Text>Raznochintsi (Russian for of various classes) was a term applied in the 19th century to educated people coming from different class backgrounds, lower (not noble) classes (merchants, lower clergy, petty bourgeoisie) who worked in intellectual professions filling the ranks of the intelligentsia: doctors, teachers, civil servants, lawyers, journalists etc.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_255"> <Title>Realism</Title>
<Text>Realism (from Latin for real) (here) is the notion pertaining to the cognitive function of art: true, objective reflection of reality; showing life as it really is by artistic means. Since the mid-19th century the term has been used to define a certain trend in representational art.</Text>
<Text>A representative composition is a festive, official, ostentatious and ceremonial one.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_258"> <Title>Rococo</Title>
<Text>Rococo (from the French for rocaille a fanciful formation on a pebble or shell-work) was a style of European art in the second quarter and middle of the 18th century. A variant of this style developed in Russia in the mid-18th century. Its characteristic features were chamber scale, fragility, daintiness, fancy play of forms and decorativeness.</Text>
<Text>Ostrovsky, Grigory (late 18th century.), a portrait and icon painter. He was closely associated with the Cherevin family that lived in the country estate of Neronovo in the Soligalich province.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_260"> <Title>Romanticism</Title>
<Text>Romanticism was an art and ideological movement in European culture of the late 18th-early 19th centuries. Romantics viewed art as a realm where the human personality could be liberated and achieve self-realisation. In such a way, Romanticism had a conflicting theme between the ideal and reality, of "universal sorrow" and "universal evil" which found expression in irony and grotesque.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_262"> <Title>Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich (1877-1932)</Title>
<Text>Voloshin (Kirienko-Voloshin), Maximilian Alexandrovich (1877-1932), a poet, critic, artist and translator. Though he had an affinity with Symbolism, he was not associated with any literary group.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_264"> <Title>The State Russian Museum</Title>
<Text>The Russian Museum was the first Russian state art museum and was opened in 1898 by Emperor Alexander III in the Mikhailovsky Palace in St. Petersburg. Since 1917 it was known as the State Russian Museum. The museum's Russian national art collection ranks alongside with the Tretyakov Gallery.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_265"> <Title>Rakhmaninov, Sergei Vasilievich (1873-1943)</Title>
<Text>Rakhmaninov, Sergei Vasilievich (1873-1943), a composer, pianist and conductor.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_266"> <Title>Shcherbatov, Sergei Alexandrovich (1874-1962)</Title>
<Text>Prince Sergei Alexandrovich Shcherbatov (1874-1962), an artist, collector and public figure. A member of the Tretyakov Gallery Council from 1911-1915 (in place of V.A. Serov who died).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_267"> <Title>Ivanov, Sergei Ivanovich (1828-1903)</Title>
<Text>Ivanov, Sergei Ivanovich (1828-1903), a sculptor.</Text>
<Text>Mamontov, Savva Ivanovich (1841-1918), a merchant, art patron and owner of the Abramtsevo estate which served as the centre for the Abramtsevo circle.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_269"> <Title>Diaghilev, Sergei Pavlovich (1872-1929)</Title>
<Text>Diaghilev, Sergei Pavlovich (1872-1929), a theatre and art manager, one of the organisers of the group "The World of Art" and editor of the journal of the same name; organiser of the Ballets Russes in Paris.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_270"> <Title>The Last Judgement</Title>
<Text>The Last Judgement according to Christian teaching, is the ultimate moment in the history of the world which lead the way for the regeneration of the world and the final reunion of God and Man; a universal judgement held by Jesus Christ over the living and the dead during His second coming.</Text>
<Text>The Holy Synod, or the Holy Governing Synod (from Greek for meeting) is the supreme state organ of the church administration made up of the senior hierarchs. It was instituted by Peter I after the abolishment of the Patriarchate in 1721. It was headed by a government official - the Ober-Prosecutor of the Synod who actually directed all church activities.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_272"> <Title>Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre (1824-1898)</Title>
<Text>Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre (1824-1898), a French painter, monumentalist and Symbolist.</Text>
<Text>Sentimentalism was an ideological and stylistic movement in European and American culture of the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries. In Russian art it emerged in the late 18th century. Its principal feature was an intense interest in the feelings and spiritual life of the "ordinary natural" man.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_274"> <Title>Mamontova, Vera Savvishna (1875-1907)</Title>
<Text>Mamontova, Vera Savvishna (1875-1907), daughter of the art patron Savva Mamontov.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_275"> <Title>Versailles</Title>
<Text>Versailles is a suburb in Paris and from 1682-1789 it was the residence of the French king. It is a large palace and park built in the style of French classicism in the 17-18th centuries.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_276"> <Title>Tretyakov, Sergei Mikhailovich (1834-1892)</Title>
<Text>Tretyakov, Sergei Mikhailovich (1834-1892), brother of Pavel and his partner in the merchant house "P and S Tretyakov Bros and V. Konshin". He was Mayor of Moscow (1877-1881) and also an art collector. In his will his collection was handed over to the Tretyakov Gallery and bequeathed to the city of Moscow in 1892.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_277"> <Title>Botkin, Sergei Sergeyevich (1859-1911)</Title>
<Text>Botkin, Sergei Sergeyevich (1859-1911), a physician, professor of the Naval Academy in Petersburg, a collector of painting and graphic art and full member of the Academy of Arts (from 1905). He was married to A.P. Tretyakova, daughter of P.M. Tretyakov.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_278"> <Title>Silver Age</Title>
<Text>The Silver Age (here) is the poetic description for the flourishing Russian cultural life of the late 19th early 20th centuries. Reference to it first appeared in the memoirs of Russian Symbolists and it has since been adopted in contemporary scholarly literature. The Silver Age is viewed, in this case, as a reflection of the golden age of the Pushkin era in the first half of the 19th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_279"> <Title>Symbol</Title>
<Text>A symbol (from the Greek for sign) is an art category distinct from image or allegory. Its meaning is wider than the directly represented phenomenon, it is a combination of the expressed image and the inexpressible idea; it has an infinite number of meanings.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_280"> <Title>Symbolism</Title>
<Text>Symbolism (from the Greek for sign) was a trend in literature and art at the turn of the 19-20th centuries. Its princples were displayed in the theatre, representational art and music. The Symbolists saw the world shrouded in mystery, they turned reality into myth. Symbolism is known for its asthetism and cult of beauty.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_282"> <Title>The Collection of the Senate</Title>
<Text>The Collection of the Senate contained works of art owned by the Senate, the supreme state organ under the direct control of the Emperor.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_283"> <Title>Sots Art</Title>
<Text>Sots Art was a trend in Russian art during the 1970-1990s which ironically played with Socialist realist themes and images, mocking its style. The leading artists of this trend were V.A. Komar, A.D. Melamid, B.K. Orlov and A.S. Kosolapov.</Text>
<Text>Socialist Realism was the theoretical principle and official movement dominant in Soviet art from the mid-1930s to the late 1980s. It demanded from works of art a poster-like instruction and compliance with certain ideological beliefs.</Text>
<Text>The eternal femininity was the poetic image used as a symbol in German Romanticism and later Symbolism, which expressed the idea of absolute beauty incarnated in a visible female form.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_286"> <Title>Union of Russian Artists (URA)</Title>
<Text>The Union of Russian Artists (URA) (1903-1924) was formed by artists from Moscow and St. Petersburg as a result of the amalgamation of two societies - "36 Artists" and "The World of Art". The members of the Union went on developing the traditions of plein air painting.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_287"> <Title>The Artists' Union of the USSR (SH USSR)</Title>
<Text>The Artists' Union of the USSR was a public professional organisation of Soviet artists set up at their All-USSR Congress (February-March 1957). The new Union brought together all the local artists' unions that had previously existed in the regions, cities and republics since 1932.</Text>
<Text>Easel painting is a type of art that produces pictures which exist independently and are perceived separately from their environment.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_290"> <Title>Chamotte</Title>
<Text>Chamotte is a material for use in sculpture or ceramics made from fire-resistant clay.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_291"> <Title>Underwings</Title>
<Text>In icon painting underwings are the feathers of the lower part of an angel's wing painted in light and bright tones.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_292"> <Title>Suprematism</Title>
<Text>Suprematism (from the Latin for highest)is a term introduced by K.S. Malevich to denote the method for geometric abstraction devised by him, as well as the Russian avant-garde trend founded by Malevich in 1915.</Text>
<Text>Mavrina (Mavrina-Lebedeva), Tatiana Alexeyevna (1900-1996), a painter and graphic artist. Painter of portraits, landscapes, still lifes and genre compositions. She also designed posters, sketches for the theatre, films and slides.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_294"> <Title>Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Gavrilovich (1828-1889)</Title>
<Text>Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Gavrilovich (1828-1889), a writer, publicist and literary critic. In 1856-1862 he was on the editorial board of the journal "Sovremennik". He developed the tradition of critical realism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_295"> <Title>The Society of Travelling Art Exhibitions (STAE)</Title>
<Text>The Society of Travelling Art Exhibitions (STAE) (1870-1923) was organised on the initiative of I.N. Kramskoy, G.G. Myasoyedov, N.N. Ghe and V.G. Perov in 1870 to promote new democratic ideas in art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_296"> <Title>The third estate</Title>
<Text>The third estate is a term that has been in use since the French Revolution (tiers etat) to denote the social class relating neither to the gentry nor to the peasants. In Russia it was applied to the petty bourgeoisie, low-ranking civil servants etc., described otherwise as raznochintsi.</Text>
<Text>Pryanishnikov, Fyodor Ivanovich (1793-1867), director of the post service department and President of the Petersburg Society for the Encouragement of Arts (from 1840). He was also an art collector, his collection influenced the decision of the young P.M. Tretyakov to create his own gallery for the contemporary Russian school.</Text>
<Text>Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881), a writer, philosopher, publicist and corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1877). In his works he depicted the suffering of ordinary poor people and assessed, from the philosophic point of view, the social and spiritual crisis in Russia.</Text>
<Text>Shekhtel, Fyodor Osipovich (1859-1926), an architect and a master of the Art Nouveau style in Russia.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_302"> <Title>Surrealism</Title>
<Text>Surrealism (From the French for super-realism) was an art trend in the first half of the 20th century, inspired from the subconscious as a source of artistic images. The leading masters of that style are J. Breton, S. Dali and R. Magritte</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_303"> <Title>Formalism</Title>
<Text>Formalism is a method for formally analysizing art work through Soviet art theory of the 1920s. From the late 1920s the term was applied to any searches in art forms and acquired a negative meaning. During the 1930-1960s it was the target for attacks by critics.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_304"> <Title>Frieze</Title>
<Text>A frieze (here) is a decorative strip along the edge of a large surface (a floor, carpet, etc.) </Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_305"> <Title>Apostle Paul</Title>
<Text>Paul (Saul), a saint and apostle and one of the greatest preachers of Christianity. Author of 14 of the New Testament epistles which were the first attempt to theological systematize the teaching of Christianity. St Paul and St Peter were executed in Rome during the persecutions of Christians under Nero.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_306"> <Title>Lessirovka</Title>
<Text>Lessirovka (from the German for lasierung), thin, semi-transparent layers of paint added during the process of finishing a picture, which aimed to achieve richer colour and a smoother surface.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_307"> <Title>Palekh</Title>
<Text>Palekh is an old village in the Ivanovo region which was famous during the 18-19th centuries as a centre for icon painting, and in the 20th century for its miniature lacquer craftwork.</Text>
<Text>Natalia Alexeyevna (1673-1716), daughter of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich by his second wife Natalia Naryshkina, sister of Peter I and supporter of his reforms. One of the best educated Russian women of her time, with a command of several foreign languages, she wrote and translated and promoted the theatre in Russia.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_309"> <Title>CC ARCP</Title>
<Text>CC ARCP, the Russian abbreviation for The Central Committee of the All-Russia Communist Party (of Bolsheviks).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_310"> <Title>Engraving</Title>
<Text>Engraving (from the French for incise) is cutting images, ornaments or inscriptions onto the surface of some hard material - metal, wood, stone, glass, plastic - with a chisel and other tools.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_311"> <Title>Manet, Eduard (1832-1883)</Title>
<Text>Manet, Eduard (1832-1883), a French painter and one of the first Impressionists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_312"> <Title>Expressionism</Title>
<Text>Expressionism (from Latin), one of the major movements in 20th century art distinguished by a tragic perception of the world. In painting Expressionism gives colour and line their own asthetic value separate to what they represent.</Text>
<Text>Lissitzky (or El Lissitzky), Lazar Markovich (1890-1941), an architect, painter, graphic artist, photographer and one of the pioneers of modern design. He produced designs for skyscrapers, convertible furniture and worked out methods for designing books.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_314"> <Title>Chistyakov, Pavel Petrovich (1832-1919)</Title>
<Text>Chistyakov, Pavel Petrovich (1832-1919), a painter and a teacher who combined academic traditions with principles of realism.</Text>
<Text>Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich (1814-1841), a poet and prose writer in the Romantic style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_316"> <Title>Shrove Tide</Title>
<Text>Shrove Tide (maslenitsa) in Russia was originally a pagan festival whose symbolism is rooted in the ancient Slavonic tradition of seeing off winter and welcoming spring.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_317"> <Title>Spatula</Title>
<Text>Spatula (here) is a painter's tool for laying on and mixing paints on the palette or on the picture.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_318"> <Title>Meander</Title>
<Text>Meander (from the Greek name for a winding river in Asia Minor), a ribbon ornament with ancient Greek origins and widespread in classical architecture and applied art. The meander line which bends at right angles and forms a number of similar linked motifs.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_319"> <Title>The Last Supper</Title>
<Text>The Last Supper in the New Testament was an event during the last days of Jesus Christ. It was a meal to mark the Judean Passover during which Jesus told His disciples that one of them would betray Him. The most important event which took place during the Last Supper was the Eucharist sacrament - communion with bread and wine.</Text>
<Text>Mikula Selyaninovich, a hero of Russian folklore and ancient epic poems, a legendary strong man, who was famous not for exploits in battle, but for his peasant labour.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_321"> <Title>Myth</Title>
<Text>A myth (from the Greek for legend) is a legend which reflects ancient peoples beliefs for the origin of the world, natural phenomena, tales of gods and fabulous heroes. In 20th century art a certain new mythology emerged in painting, literature and the theatre.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_322"> <Title>Monumentalism</Title>
<Text>Monumentalism, monumentality (from Latin) is a quality in works of art that achieve a high level of artistic generalisation, giving them grandure, large scale impressiveness and public renoun. Monumentality is akin to the ethical category for sublime and is linked to the categories of heroic and tragic.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_323"> <Title>Ornament</Title>
<Text>Ornament (from Latin), design of rhythmically arranged elements for decorating some objects or buildings.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_324"> <Title>Rodin, Rene Francois Auguste (1840-1917)</Title>
<Text>Rodin, Rene Francois Auguste (1840-1917), a French sculptor and leading Impressionist in sculpture.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_325"> <Title>Still life</Title>
<Text>Still life (French nature morte) a genre depicting inanimate or lifeless objects, such as flowers, fruit, vegetables, game, fish, etc.</Text>
<Text>Sophia (Zoya) Palaeologue (?-1503) was a niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI and the wife of the Moscow Grand Duke Ivan III (from 1472).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_327"> <Title>Panorama</Title>
<Text>Panorama (from the Greek for view) a wide view from a high spot.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_328"> <Title>Pilgrim</Title>
<Text>A pilgrim (from the Latin peregrinus for stranger), a traveller to sacred places and holy shrines.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_329"> <Title>Ubrus</Title>
<Text>An ubrus, (here) a towel with precious embroidery in gold thread and pearls used to cover hands while holding an icon.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_330"> <Title>The Fair Lady (Belle Dame)</Title>
<Text>The Fair Lady, a poetic symbol originating from the medieval cult of the knight called the Belle Dame.</Text>
<Text>Podvesnaya pelena, (here) a hanging attached to an icon below with an image of the Virgin with the Child embroidered in precious thread and pearls.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_332"> <Title>Prosphora</Title>
<Text>Prosphora (communion bread)(from the Greek for offering), a small round bread baked of wheat leavened dough. It was used in Orthodox church services for the Eucharist sacrament during the Liturgy and was in memory of the bread Christ gave the apostles for communion at the Last Supper. It symbolises the body of Christ sacrificed for the salvation of mankind.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_333"> <Title>Regular French park</Title>
<Text>A regular French park is one that is geometrically ordered in its planning.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_334"> <Title>Reflex</Title>
<Text>Reflex (from Latin), in painting and graphic art a speck of light or colour reflected on some surface.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_335"> <Title>Ubor</Title>
<Text>Ubor (Russian for dress), (here) the culmination of all the elements in the precious decoration of an icon.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_336"> <Title>St Sergy of Radonezh (circa 1321-1391)</Title>
<Text>St Sergy of Radonezh (Sergy Radonezhsky) (circa 1321-1391), a Russian venerable saint, founder and Abbot at the Trinity-St Sergy lavra. He encouraged the worship of the Trinity as a symbol of the unity of the Russian land. He was politically active in his time and blessed Dmitry Donskoy before the Kulikovo battle. He is commemorated on 25 September (8 October) and 6(19) July.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_337"> <Title>Tsata</Title>
<Text>Tsata is part of the decoration on an icon, it is made of gold or silver, crescent or moon shaped and is attached to the icon by the neck of the depicted figure.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_338"> <Title>Symmetry</Title>
<Text>Symmetry (from the Greek for commensurate), strict balance in the arrangement of parts of a whole the axis, plane or centre.</Text>
<Text>Mishukov, Fyodor Yakovlevich (1881-1966), a jeweller in a dynasty of goldsmiths. From 1912 he had his own workshop of silver and bronze ware. In Soviet times he specialised in the restoration of antique weapons and works of decorative and applied art. He also taught at the Stroganov Art College and at the Moscow Applied Art College.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_340"> <Title>Schema</Title>
<Text>Schema in the Orthodox Church is the strictest monastic rule which entails complete rejection of worldly life and devotion to God. Monks of the order wear special dress which conceal their faces.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_341"> <Title>Sphinx</Title>
<Text>A sphinx was in ancient Egypt a statue of a fantastic being with a human head on the body of a lion.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_342"> <Title>Tempera</Title>
<Text>Tempera (from the Italian for distemper), size paint used in icon painting and fresco wall painting, as well as in applied art. The resulting colours are matt, they cannot be mixed.</Text>
<Text>The Trinity-St Sergy Lavra is an important Russian Orthodox monastery located in the town of Sergiev Posad, in the Moscow region. It was founded by the venerable St Sergy of Radonezh in the mid-14th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_344"> <Title>Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900)</Title>
<Text>Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900), a German philosopher who was a proponent of the irrationalist "philosophy of life".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_345"> <Title>Fresco</Title>
<Text>Fresco (from the Italian for fresh, wet) was a technique used in the middle ages for wall painting in which paints mixed with water or lime milk, size or emulsion were applied to a wet, not set, surface of plaster.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_346"> <Title>Study</Title>
<Text>A study is a drawing from nature which is comprises the process of study or preparation of a picture.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_347"> <Title>Persephone</Title>
<Text>Persephone in Greek Mythology is the goddess of the underworld, the daughter of Demeter and Zeus and the wife of Hades.</Text>
<Text>Rostand, Edmond (1868-1918), a French dramatist and poet.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_349"> <Title>The Dobrynins, Kondrat Longinovich and Longin Kondratovich</Title>
<Text>The Dobrynins, Kondrat and Longin were members of the Moscow prominent merchant family of the 17th century; they were among the so-called "gosti" (guests), i.e. priviledged merchants who had a right to carry out foreign trade, as well as financial operations for the government. Their hereditary line died out in the early 18th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_350"> <Title>Elisium</Title>
<Text>Elysium (from the Greek for field of arrival), same as Elysian Fields, in Greek mythology the abode of blessed souls, the next world for the righteous.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_351"> <Title>Epic</Title>
<Text>Epic means huge, magnificent, on a large scale.</Text>
<Text>Non-conformism, (here) one of the names applied to Russia's unofficial culture in the second half of the 20th century meaning independent from the dictates of the political power.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_354"> <Title>Side-chapel</Title>
<Text>A side-chapel in an Orthodox church, is a small lean-to without columns on the south or north side with a side-altar for services.</Text>
<Text>A decorative monumental panel is a form of monumental art for decorating an architectural space - a facade or an interior.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_358"> <Title>Divisionism</Title>
<Text>Divisionism (from Latin), a painting method based on splitting a complex colour tone into pure spectral tones applied in separate strokes. It relies on the optical blending of the tones to react on the retina at a certain distance from the picture.
<Text>Complementary colours are pairs of contrasting colours which set each other off when juxtaposed and are discoloured when mixed. Examples of such pairs are red and green, orange and light-blue, yellow and violet.</Text>
<Text>Ancient Egyptian art comprises the pyramids, temples, sculptures, reliefs and wall paintings of ancient Egypt. One of its characteristic features is representing a figure partly en face and partly in profile.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_361"> <Title>Europa</Title>
<Text>Europa in Greek mythology was the daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor who was abducted by Zeus in the shape of a bull.</Text>
<Text>Martynova, Yelizaveta Mikhailovna (1868-1905), an artist and a classmate of K.A. Somov at the Academy of Art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_363"> <Title>Lives of the Saints</Title>
<Text>Lives of the Saints are biographies of clerical and lay persons canonized by the Christian Church. They are studied as historical, literary and linguistic sources.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_364"> <Title>Jaufre Rudel</Title>
<Text>Jaufre Rudel, a prince and poet and character in the drama "La Princesse Lointaine" by Edmond Rostand.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_365"> <Title>Zeus</Title>
<Text>Zeus (Jupiter in Rome) in Greek mythology is the supreme God whose attributes are the aegis, sceptre and eagle.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_366"> <Title>Idyll</Title>
<Text>The idyll is a poetic genre depicting peaceful virtuous life in the lap of nature.</Text>
<Text>The animalist genre (from Latin) specialises in the representation of animals.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_370"> <Title>Portico</Title>
<Text>A portico is an architectural term and is a colonnade which supports a roof or is crowned with an attic, a porch attached to a building.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_372"> <Title>Chora</Title>
<Text>A chora (from the Greek for maid), in ancient Greek art a statue of a girl standing upright in a long robe.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_373"> <Title>Crusaders</Title>
<Text>Crusaders were participants in the crusades in the Middle Ages. They had the sign of the cross sewn onto their clothing as a sign of their allegeance to the crusade.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_375"> <Title>Culture of "the gentry's nests"</Title>
<Text>The culture of "the gentry's nests" is that of the old country estates owned by the gentry in the second part of the 19th-early 20th centuries.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_376"> <Title>Leit-motiv</Title>
<Text>Leit-motiv (from German), the leading motif running throughout a work of art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_377"> <Title>Lyre</Title>
<Text>A lyre was an ancient Greek plucked string instrument, like a small harp, which was taken as a symbol of poetic inspiration.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_379"> <Title>Velasquez, Diego (1599-1660)</Title>
<Text>Velasquez (Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez), Diego (1599-1660), a Spanish painter.</Text>
<Text>Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (1894-1971), a Soviet statesman and Communist Party leader, from 1953 the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the USSR Soviet of Ministers (1958-1964). At the 20th congress of the CPSU in 1956 he denounced the cult of personality of I.V. Stalin, which started the period known as the so-called "thaw".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_381"> <Title>Polyptych</Title>
<Text>A polyptych is a multi-part composition consisting of five or more pieces connected with a common conception and unity of structure and colour scheme.</Text>
<Text>Kovalyova (stage name Zhemchugova), Praskovia (1768-1805), an actress in the domestic serf theatre held by Count N.P. Sheremetev, later became his wife.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_385"> <Title>Goya, Francisco Jose de (1746-1828)</Title>
<Text>Francisco Jose de Goya (1746-1828), a Spanish painter and engraver whose artistic searches were of a daring experimental nature. Author of a satirical series of etchings "Capriccios".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_386"> <Title>Photo-realism</Title>
<Text>Photo-realism is a trend in painting and sculpture that emerged in the mid-1960s in the USA. Its basic method was copying photographs, slides or reproductions blown up to the size of a large canvas. The subjects were drawn from modern technology and the urban environment.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_387"> <Title>Futurism</Title>
<Text>Futurism (from Latin), an art trend born in Italy in the 1900s. Futurist artists and poets strove to render the "dynamic sensations" of modern life, the process of movement, its duration in time and the impressions of the new urban reality.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_388"> <Title>Artefact</Title>
<Text>An artefact (here) is an art object symbolizing the man-made world of technology, autonomous from the world of nature, but placed by the artist in a natural, or more seldom, architectural environment.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_390"> <Title>Etude</Title>
<Text>A study is a drawing from nature which is comprises the process of study or preparation of a picture.</Text>
<Text>Ephrem Syrian (circa 306-373), a venerable ascetic and preacher, came from Nisibia in Mesopotamia. He led an ascetic life near his native city, then lived in a cave by Edessa where he preached and converted pagans to Christianity. Author of a number of theological and moralistic writings and of liturgical chants. He is commemorated on 28 January (10 February).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_394"> <Title>Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874)</Title>
<Text>Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874), a German philosopher. In his book "The Life of Jesus" he subjected the evangelical texts to critical analysis viewing Jesus as a historical person. He saw the future as "progressively turning the religion of Christ into a religion of humanity".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_395"> <Title>Byron, George Noel Gordon (1788-1824)</Title>
<Text>Byron, George Noel Gordon (1788-1824), an English poet. His theme of disillusionment generated a certain mentality in European culture of the 19th century - the so-called "Byronism". His poem "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" became a symbol of Romanticism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_396"> <Title>Dissonance</Title>
<Text>Dissonance (Latin for discord), in music a jarring discordant combination of different tones. In representational art - an artistic device expressing the absence of harmony, a conflict.</Text>
<Text>Old Russian Art is a term referring to the Russian traditional art from the adoption of Christianity (in the late 10th century) to the 17th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_399"> <Title>Sufferings</Title>
<Text>Sufferings to which the human soul are subjected to following death by evil spirits. In Othodox teaching this is part of divine judgement, a trial of the sins in the soul. Having passed that trial successfully, the soul is admitted to face God's heavenly throne (otherwise it is banished into the flames of Hell).</Text>
<Text>Elizaveta Alexeyevna (1779-1826), Princess Louise Maria Augusta of Baden-Durlach, the Russian Empress by her marriage to Alexander I (1793). She was involved charitable work, going on to found the Patriotic Institute and the House of Industry (later named the Elizavetinsky Institute).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_401"> <Title>The fall of rebel angels</Title>
<Text>The fall of rebel angels is, according to tradition, the banishment from heaven of the tenth angelic order headed by Satanail. This occurred on the fourth day of the Creation. The canonical Bible contains only a short reference to this event; it is described in more detail in the Apocrypha.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_403"> <Title>Panayev, Ivan Ivanovich (1812-1862)</Title>
<Text>Panayev, Ivan Ivanovich (1812-1862), a writer and journalist and author of many short novels about everyday subjects and of satirical essays.</Text>
<Text>Bogdanovich, Ippolit Fyodorovich (1743-1803), a poet and translator. He wrote idylls and pastorals in the sentimental genre. His poem "Dushenka" (1778, completed first edition - 1783) gave him not only literary success, but also the favour of the royal court.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_405"> <Title>Icon</Title>
<Text>An icon (from Greek for image) is a sacramental representation of Jesus Christ, the Holy Virgin, the saints or the angels or events from ecclesiastical history. An icon is an image for prayer, distinct from works of art illustrating the Holy Scripture.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_407"> <Title>Iconostasis</Title>
<Text>An iconostasis (from Greek for image and stand) the barrier between the sanctuary (in the eastern part of the Orthodox church) and its central part, which has a number of icons arranged in it. The rules for church art and its arrangement evolved in Russia around the turn of the 14th-15th centuries and including five principal rows of icons: the local one, the Deesis, the Feasts, the Prophets and the Patriarchs.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_408"> <Title>Interior</Title>
<Text>The interior (here) is an art genre depicting the space in a building or room. </Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_409"> <Title>Batyushkov, Konstantin Nikolayevich (1787-1855)</Title>
<Text>Batyushkov, Konstantin Nikolayevich (1787-1855), a poet, prose writer, critic and diplomat. He was a friend of Pushkin and member of his literary circle.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_410"> <Title>Chamber genre</Title>
<Text>A chamber genre is intended for a narrow circle of spectators.</Text>
<Text>Hammer, Armand (1898-1990) was an American industrialist and public figure, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Occidental Petroleum Corporation (from 1957). He promoted the development of mutually advantageous Soviet-American economic and cultural links.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_413"> <Title>Colosseum</Title>
<Text>Colosseum (from Latin for huge), the amphitheatre at the Flavii in Rome, a relic of ancient Roman architecture. - (A.D.75-80).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_414"> <Title>Collage</Title>
<Text>Collage (from French for glue), a pictorial or graphic technique popular in the 20th century. It consists of glueing or pasting various flat stickers (newspaper, wall paper, fabric) or three-dimensional pieces (rolls of wire or string, chips of wood or metal etc.) onto a picture.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_415"> <Title>Colour scheme</Title>
<Text>The colour scheme is the system of colour combinations used in works of art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_416"> <Title>Ravich, Konstantin Grigorievich</Title>
<Text>Ravich, Konstantin Grigorievich was an official of the Moscow land-survey office and a friend of the composer A.A. Alyabiev. A habitual gambler, he was held responsible for one player's death who died of a stroke following a heavy loss at cards. He spent seven years in prison and was exiled to Siberia "under suspicion".</Text>
<Text>Counter-relief (Latin for opposite and French convex), a technique which combines painting and technical materials. It emerged in the 1910s as a development of the collage princple, which broke out of a picture's flat surface into real space. Unlike relief, counter-relief is concave.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_418"> <Title>"Zemli"</Title>
<Text>"Zemli" (Russian for earth) are the brown hues in icon painting i.e. earth shades, for example ochre.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_419"> <Title>Cubism</Title>
<Text>Cubism (from French for cube), a movement in French art during the 1900-1910s founded by P. Picasso and G. Braque. The Cubists sought to show the internal structure of an object through revealing its geometric basis, so they depicted their subjects as a combination of geometric planes and volumes.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_423"> <Title>Cubo-Futurism</Title>
<Text>Cubo-Futurism was a trend in Russian art combining the princples of Cubism (reducing things to geometric planes and volumes, showing them from different angles simultaneously) and of Futurism (space-time dynamism).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_425"> <Title>Culmination</Title>
<Text>The culmination (from Latin for top), in a work of art is the moment of maximum uplift, tension, development, etc.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_426"> <Title>Lobnoye mesto</Title>
<Text>The Lobnoye mesto (Russian for prominent place) is a round stone dais in Moscow's Red Square which was constructed in 1534 (rebuilt in 1786 by the architect M.V. Kazakov). It served as a place where decrees or addresses to the people by the Tsar or Patriarchs were made. During the 16th-18th centuries executions were carried out by it.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_429"> <Title>Matisse, Henri (1869-1954)</Title>
<Text>Matisse, Henri (1869-1954), a French painter, graphic artist, monumentalist and decorator. He founded Fauvism an art trend in the early 20th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_432"> <Title>Mise-en-scene</Title>
<Text>Mise-en-scene is the arrangement of actors and scenary on the stage in a theatre production, the stage setting.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_433"> <Title>Mystery play</Title>
<Text>A mystery play was a genre of medieval European theatre. It was a mass spectacle staged in a market place.</Text>
<Text>Matyushin, Mikhail Vasilievich (1861-1934), an artist, teacher, poet, composer and art theoretician.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_435"> <Title>Muse</Title>
<Text>The muses were in ancient Greek mythology nine sisters, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, the goddesses of arts and sciences. Erato, the patroness of lyrical poetry, was depicted with a lyre and a zither.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_436"> <Title>Gogol, Nikolay Vasilievich (1809-1852)</Title>
<Text>Gogol, Nikolay Vasilievich (1809-1852), a writer and dramatist. In 1837-1841 he lived in Rome where he finished the first volume of "The Dead Souls". He had many friends among writers and artists, including A.A. Ivanov. From 1850 he lived in Moscow where he worked on the second volume of "The Dead Souls" which he burnt in a moment of spiritual crisis.</Text>
<Text>Kukolnik, Nestor Vasilievich (1809-1868), a poet, prose-writer, author of satirical and historical dramas. Visitor to his literary soirees, included K.P. Bryullov, F.P. Tolstoy, M.I. Glinka and others.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_439"> <Title>Still life "obmanka"</Title>
<Text>Still life "obmanka", or "tromp-l'oeil", a genre of painting popular in Russia in the first third of the 18th century, which created an optical illusion and as a result misled the viewer. An unframed canvas depicting books, pictures or sheets of paper was hung up on the wall to melt in with the surroundings.</Text>
<Text>Neo-primitivism was an art trend of the 1910s, which was characterised by the interest of professional artists in the work of pre-historical or amateur, self-taught artists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_441"> <Title>Nave</Title>
<Text>The nave (from Latin for ship), the main body of a church or temple separated by with columns and arches, offering a passage to the altar. A church or temple usually has a central nave and several side ones.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_442"> <Title>Nimbus</Title>
<Text>A nimbus (from Latin for cloud), a halo, a conventional sign of radiance around Christ's head, the Holy Virgin, angels and saints.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_443"> <Title>Decorative and applied art</Title>
<Text>Decorative and applied art (from Latin for beautify) is aimed at creating artistic things for practical purposes in private and public life. It is also used to add artistic touches to utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, carriages, clothes, ornaments, toys, etc.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_444"> <Title>Picasso, Pablo (1881-1973)</Title>
<Text>Picasso (Ruis-i-Picasso), Pablo (1881-1973), a Spanish-French painter, graphic artist, sculptor, ceramist and writer. His work reflected a variety of modernist trends in 20th century art.</Text>
<Text>Chaadayev, Pyotr Yakovlevich (1794-1856), a philosopher, publicist and member of the Decembrist organisations "The Union for Prosperity" (1819) and "The Northern Society" (1821). In 1829-1831 he wrote "Letters on the Philosophy of History" (in French) known as "The Philosophical Letters". He was publicly branded a madman by the authorities for the publication of the first of those letters in the journal "Telescope".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_446"> <Title>Palette</Title>
<Text>A palette is a flat tablet where an artist mixes paints laid out on it, there is a hole for the thumb to hold it.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_447"> <Title>Parody</Title>
<Text>A parody (from Greek for a burlesque song), a jocular or mocking imitation of an art work in such a way to make them seem ridiculour.</Text>
<Text>The Intercession Cathedral on the Moat in Moscow was built in 1555-1561 by the architects Postnik and Barma in memory of the victory over the Kazan khanate. In 1588 the side chapel of St Basil the Blessed was added to the building to give it its second name. In the 1670s its hipped belfry was built.</Text>
<Text>The "Bulldozer Exhibition" of unofficial art was held on 15 September 1974 on a vacant plots in Moscow. It was dismantled on the order of the authorities with the help of bulldozers.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_455"> <Title>The proto-language of art</Title>
<Text>The proto-language of art is found in primeval rock painting, children's drawings and works by naive primitive artists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_456"> <Title>Thomas de Tomon, Jean Francois (1760-1813)</Title>
<Text>Thomas de Tomon, Jean Francois (1760-1813), an architect and draughtsman, of Swiss origin, who worked in Russia from 1799.</Text>
<Text>The Holy Scriptures are the religious literature contained in the Bible. In Judaism this is understood as the Old Testament, and in Christianity - both the Old and the New Testaments.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_460"> <Title>Cezanne, Paul (1839-1906)</Title>
<Text>Cezanne, Paul (1839-1906), a French painter, a post-Impressionist whose artistic explorations had a profound influence on 20th century art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_461"> <Title>Accessory</Title>
<Text>An accessory (here) is a minor additional detail added to a representation which helps to reveal the subject further.</Text>
<Text>"The Izmailovo Exhibition" was the first officially sanctioned exhibition of underground art in Moscow. It was held on 29 September 1974 in Izmailovo Park.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_463"> <Title>The Grand Duchess Yelizaveta Fyodorovna (1864-1918)</Title>
<Text>The Grand Duchess Yelizaveta Fyodorovna (1864-1918), Princess of Hessen and sister of the last Russian Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna. She raised the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna whose mother had died in infancy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_464"> <Title>Simultanism</Title>
<Text>Simultanism (from French), a means of representing an object on the picture's surface which allows it to be viewed from different angles simultaneously. It was used in Cubism and Futurism.</Text>
<Text>The Spassky Tower is in the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1491 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. Its name came from the icon, over its gate, "The Saviour made without hands" (Russian Spas - Saviour) it did not survive.</Text>
<Text>Stendhal (real name Henri Marie Beyle, 1783-1842), a French writer. His best-known works are the novels "Le Rouge et le Noir" (1831), "Lucien Leuwen" (1834-1836) and "La Chartreuse de Parme" (1839). He served in Napoleon's army throughout Europe and took part in the Russian campaign. He had a reputation as an art connoisseur.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_470"> <Title>Stylization</Title>
<Text>Stylization is an imitation, a token representation, generalisation or simplification of the real form (ornamental or geometric imitation), also an artistic interpretation of a style or image from the past.</Text>
<Text>The spheric perspective is one of the ways to represent the space on a flat surface. It is created using a circular line of the horizon and elements of inverted perspective to give the sensation of objects rotating around a centre. In 20th century art it was theoretically explained by K.S. Petrov-Vodkin.</Text>
<Text>Technical materials are unconventional art matter (wood, cardboard, glass, iron, various objects, fabrics, etc.) used by 20th century avant-garde artists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_473"> <Title>Toga</Title>
<Text>The toga was a garment worn by citizens in ancient Rome - a long cloak of white cloth.</Text>
<Text>Traditional art (here) refers to the academism of 19th century European painting, the prinicples contained the external features of classical antiquity and Renaissance cultures while trivializing their essence.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_475"> <Title>Satyr</Title>
<Text>A satyr in Greek mythology is a forest deity, a demon of fertility in the retinue of the God of wine and wine-growing Dionysus.</Text>
<Text>A three-dimensional construction is built in three dimensions - length, width and height.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_477"> <Title>Three graces</Title>
<Text>The three graces are the goddesses of Roman mythology which are analogical to the Greek Charites (Aglaia - the splendid, Euphrosyne - good-natured, Thalia - blooming). They epitomise beauty, goodness and eternal youth.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_478"> <Title>Overture</Title>
<Text>An overture is an orchestral opening to an extended musical piece.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_479"> <Title>Utopia</Title>
<Text>Utopia (From Greek for non-existent place), an imaginary ideal social or artistic world.</Text>
<Text>Bulgarin, Faddey Venedictovich (1789-1859), a journalist, novelist, critic and author of the novels "Ivan Vyzhighin" (1829) and "Pyotr Ivanovich Vyzhighin" (1831). He had the reputation of being a police informer and was dispised by educated society.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_481"> <Title>Texture</Title>
<Text>Texture is the representation of the surface and the finished result. In representational art this is the way a surface has been finished and used as a means of artistic expression. The resulting texture may be, for instance, smooth, in relief, matt or shining.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_482"> <Title>Pharisees</Title>
<Text>The Pharisees were a religious party in Judea at the time of Jesus Christ, they attached great importance to the strictest literal observance in the law of Moses.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_486"> <Title>Golubets</Title>
<Text>Golubets (Russian for lapis lazuli), the blue pigment used in icon and wall painting.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_487"> <Title>Steiner, Rudolf (1861-1925)</Title>
<Text>Steiner, Rudolf (1861-1925), a German philosopher, mystic, author of mystery plays, stage productions, architect and sculptor. The founder of antroposophia (a teaching to tap the hidden spiritual force in man).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_488"> <Title>Art form</Title>
<Text>The art form is the structure of the representational and expressive means for giving art its content. In representational art the categories of the art form include the specific treatment of subject, composition, drawing, colour scheme, spatial and light and shade structure.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_489"> <Title>The State Academy of Art Research (Russian abbr. GAHN)</Title>
<Text>The State Academy of Art Research (Russian abbr. GAHN) (1921-1930) studied different arts aimed at finding the objective principles of creativity. Before 1925 its name was RAHN which stood for the Russian Academy of Art Research.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_490"> <Title>King David (late 11th century -circa 950 B.C.)</Title>
<Text>King David (late 11th century - circa 950 B.C.), the second king of the Israel-Judea kingdom. Having inherited the throne of Judea he amalgamated Israeli tribe territories and created a united kingdom with the capital in Jerusalem.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_491"> <Title>Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.)</Title>
<Text>Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.), a Roman orator, statesman, philosopher and supporter of the republic. In 58 B.C. he was banished and he became very interested in philosophy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_493"> <Title>Epatage</Title>
<Text>Epatage - shocking art or conduct (French epater), (here) ways to shock, amaze, scandalize the public used by avant-garde artists in order to challenge the mass ideas of art with their new artistic outlook.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_494"> <Title>Ioann IV (Ivan the Terrible) (1530-1584)</Title>
<Text>Ioann IV (Ivan the Terrible) (1530-1584), the son of Vasily III. The Grand Duke of All Russia (from 1533), the first Tsar of the Rurich Dynasty (from 1547).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_495"> <Title>Chelishchev, Alexander Alexandrovich (1797-1881)</Title>
<Text>Chelishchev, Alexander (1797-1881), at the age of 14 took part in the Patriotic war of 1812, was decorated and promoted in rank for gallant fighting. Later he became a member of the Union for Prosperity, but did not join the Decembrist uprising in 1825.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_496"> <Title>Delvig, Anton Antonovich (1798-1831)</Title>
<Text>Delvig, Anton (1798-1831), a poet, translator and publisher. One of A.S. Pushkin's closest friends.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_498"> <Title>Abstract art</Title>
<Text>Abstract art (abstract painting), an art trend of the 20th century which based a work of art on formal elements (line, colour patch, etc.) It emerged in the early 1910s in several European countries. V.V. Kandinsky is considered its pioneer.</Text>
<Text>Geometrical abstraction is a trend in abstract art with a preference for geometric figures. An example is the Suprematism of K.S. Malevich.</Text>
<Text>Absurd imagery is a method of artistic thinking which rejects rational logic in favor of intuitive revelations.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_504"> <Title>Psyche</Title>
<Text>Psyche, in ancient Greek mythology is the personification of the soul. In "Metamorphoses" by Apuleus Psyche is a King's beautiful daughter who after many trials marries the love god Amour. Jupiter (Zeus) makes her immortal.</Text>
<Text>Analytical art was a trend initiated by P.N. Filonov, practised in his own painting in the 1910-1920s, and described by him in a number of theoretical works. His method ranged from the particular to the general, from "elementary particles" of nature or of a picture to the creation of a complete picture of the entire world.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_506"> <Title>Entresol</Title>
<Text>An entresol is a low story of a house, built-in from the back of a full-size story. It was intended for domestic needs and not for receiving guests. Characteristic of country estates in the 18th - early 19th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_507"> <Title>Suite of rooms</Title>
<Text>A suite of rooms (enfilade), a number of rooms linked with doors on one axis. Particularly typical of palaces in the styles of baroque and classicism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_508"> <Title>Apuleus</Title>
<Text>Apuleus, Lucius (circa 125 - circa 180) a writer and philosopher of ancient Rome. His best known work is the adventure-allegorical novel "Metamorphoses" ("The Golden Ass").</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_509"> <Title>Arabesque</Title>
<Text>An arabesque, a type of intricate ornament made of geometrical figures and stylised floral motifs.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_510"> <Title>Naturalism</Title>
<Text>Naturalism (from Latin), a trend in literature and representational art in the last third of the 19th century that strove to imitate in art the objective and dispassionate methods of science.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_512"> <Title>Brutality</Title>
<Text>Brutality (from Latin brutus), (here) deliberate coarseness used as an artistic device for higher expressiveness.</Text>
<Text>Van Dyke, Antonis (1599-1641), a Flemish painter and master of Baroque.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_516"> <Title>The Society of Moscow Artists (Russian abbr. OMH)</Title>
<Text>The Society of Moscow Artists (Russian abbr. OMH) (1927-1932). Among its members were: S.G. Gerasimov, A.D. Drevin, A.V. Lentulov, I.I. Mashkov, R.R. Falk and others. The society pursued the aim of reflecting contemporary life, rejecting the formal pursuits of the avant-garde, but preserving a high standard of painting.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_517"> <Title>Boris and Gleb</Title>
<Text>Boris (?-1015), Duke of Rostov, and Gleb (?-1015), Duke of Murom, were sons of Grand Duke St Vladimir and the brothers of Yaroslav the Wise. They were murdered in 1015 by their step-brother Svyatopolk who was getting rid of his rivals in the struggle for the Kiev throne. They were canonized as the first saints and martyrs of Russian origin. They are commemorated on 2 May (15) and 24 July (6 August).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_518"> <Title>The Russian Academy of Art Studies (Russian abbr. RAHN)</Title>
<Text>The Russian Academy of Art Studies (Russian abbr. RAHN) from 1921 to 1925 when its name was changed to State Academy of Art Studies, the abbreviation became GAHN.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_519"> <Title>Vasily I Dmitrievich (1371-1425)</Title>
<Text>Vasily I Dmitrievich (1371-1425), the Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1389), the son of Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_520"> <Title>INHUK</Title>
<Text>INHUK, the Russian abbreviation for The Institute of Artistic Culture 1920-1924.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_521"> <Title>Louis XIV (1638-1715)</Title>
<Text>Louis XIV (1638-1715), from 1643 the French King of the Bourbon dynasty.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_522"> <Title>The Ancient of Days</Title>
<Text>The Ancient of Days, an iconographic type, represents an old man in white robes sitting on the throne surrounded by the Heavenly Host. According to theological interpretation this is one of the Old Testament prototypes of Christ. However the unity of the three hypostasis of the Trinity allows it to be identified, to a certain, extent with both God the Father and God the Son and thus circumvent the ban on depicting God the Father.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_525"> <Title>Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924)</Title>
<Text>Lenin (Ulyanov), Vladimir (1870-1924), the head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and founder of the Soviet state. Chairman of the Soviet of the People's Commissars (the Soviet of Ministers). He devised a number of theoretical ideas that served as a basis for the official ideology in the USSR.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_527"> <Title>The USSR Academy of Arts (Russian abbr. AH USSR)</Title>
<Text>The USSR Academy of Arts (Russian abbr. AH USSR) was reformed from the former All-Russia Academy of Arts in 1947. In 1992 it was again renamed Russia's Academy of Arts. In Soviet times the Academy promoted the principles of Socialist Realism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_528"> <Title>Almighty</Title>
<Text>The Almighty (from Greek Pantocrator), one of the epithets applied in the Bible and theological literature to God the Father and God the Son, Jesus Christ. A widespread type of iconography depicts Christ as the Heavenly King and Judge: Christ sits on the throne, his right hand raised in blessing, his left hand holding a scroll or a book.</Text>
<Text>The "Free Creativity" society (Moscow, 1911-1918) founded as a non-party exhibiting organisation. The core of the society was made up of two men - A.M. Gerasimov, and B.M. Bogolubov. While it lasted the society held seven exhibitions.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_530"> <Title>The Moscow Association of Artists (MAA)</Title>
<Text>The Moscow Association of Artists (MAA) was an organisation which held exhibitions (1893-1924) set up by graduates from the Moscow College of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Its members saw their task as promoting the success and development of art in Russia and protecting their own interests.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_531"> <Title>Himation</Title>
<Text>A himation was an outer garment, a rectangular piece of cloth, usually worn over a tunic and sometimes pinned about the neck with a buckle.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_532"> <Title>Hymnography</Title>
<Text>Hymnography is a combination of poetic works used during the Christian church service, for example, prayers, canons, acathistus and others.</Text>
<Text>Golgotha (Calvary) (from Hebrew for scull), a hill near ancient Jerusalem where Jesus Christ was crucified; tradition has it that it was the place where Adam was buried.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_534"> <Title>Group of Eight</Title>
<Text>The Group of Eight (Moscow, 1961-1978), the first attempt to set up an artists' group within the official Artists' Union. Its members were young painters (N.I. Andronov, V.G. Veisberg, P.F. Nikonov, and others) who saw their task as reforming the official method of socialist realism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_535"> <Title>Gum arabic</Title>
<Text>Gum arabic is a viscose transparent liquid secreted by some acacia species. It forms a sticky solution in water and is used as a glue.</Text>
<Text>Daniil Cherny (circa 1360-1430), a Russian icon painter and companion of the venerable Andrey Rublev. They painted together the frescoes in the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir (1408) and Trinity Cathedral in the Trinity-St Sergy Lavra (1420s), as well as the Saviour Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_538"> <Title>Deesis row</Title>
<Text>The Deesis row of icons in the iconostasis has an icon of the Saviour in the centre usually represented as the severe Judge of the world. Right and left of that icon are the Holy Virgin and John the Baptist followed by the archangels, apostles, church fathers, martyrs and venerable saints.</Text>
<Text>"The Donkey's Tail" (1912) was the exhibition organised by M.F. Larionov. The title, of typically shocking avant-garde character, was drawn from the semi-legendary story about a group of French artists who presented the public with a picture painted with a donkey's tail.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_540"> <Title>"ROST"</Title>
<Text>"ROST" - abbr. Russia's Society of Easel Painters was a Moscow group of artists (1928-1930) who set themselves the task of finding new forms of communicating with the public at exhibitions.</Text>
<Text>Dmitry Donskoy (1350-1389), the Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1359) and Vladimir (1362), a son of Ivan II. In the Kulikovo battle of 1380 (near the Don river) Dmitry displayed his outstanding military talent and earned the name of Donskoy. In his reign Moscow affirmed its leading position among the Russian lands. He was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. His commemoration day is 15 May 15 (1 June).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_542"> <Title>St Demetrius of Salonica</Title>
<Text>St Demetrius of Salonica, a Christian saint and martyr, was the military commander in Salonica and suffered during the persecution of Christians under Emperor Diocletian in A.D. 303-304. He was considered a heavenly patron of princely power and many Russian dukes were christened with his name. He is commemorated on 26 October (8 November).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_545"> <Title>VHUTEMAS</Title>
<Text>VHUTEMAS, the Russian abbreviation for The Higher Art and Technical Workshops, a Moscow art college founded in 1920. The college had art and industrial faculties and trained mostly easel painters and architects. In 1926 it was reformed and named VHUTEIN, i.e. the Higher Art and Technical Institute.</Text>
<Text>Monumental art (from Latin) includes a number of representational and decorative arts employed in creating impressive buildings or statues, intended for open spaces in city squares and parks.</Text>
<Text>Icons that depicted in their central part one or more saints and on the borders - scenes from their lives, the miracles they worked in their lifetime or after death.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_548"> <Title>Synthesis of arts</Title>
<Text>A synthesis of arts is an organic blend of different arts making a multilateral asthetic impact. Such synthesis generates a qualitatively new artistic entity that can not be reduced to the sum of its elements.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_551"> <Title>Apostle James</Title>
<Text>Apostle James, the son of Zebedee (?-circa 44) one of the twelve apostles, the brother of St John the Theologian. He was among the first called by Christ to serve as an apostle. After the Ascension of Christ he held a position of honour in Jerusalem and was martyred under Herod Agrippa.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_553"> <Title>Ivan I Kalita (?-1340)</Title>
<Text>Ivan I Kalita (?-1340), the Duke of Moscow (from 1325), the Grand Duke of Vladimir (from 1328), the son of Daniil Alexandrovich. He laid the foundation for Moscow's economic power. In his reign the residence of the Russian Metropolitan was moved from Vladimir to Moscow.</Text>
<Text>Shalyapin, Fyodor (1873-1938), a great Russian opera singer (bass).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_556"> <Title>Iconography</Title>
<Text>Iconography (from Greek for image and write), in medieval art the established tradition for depicting certain persons and events, which were drawn from various literary sources and ordered according to the accepted dogmatic, symbolic and liturgical interpretations.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_557"> <Title>Elijah the Prophet</Title>
<Text>Elijah, one of the Old Testament prophets, an ardent fighter for the true faith and against the pagans, who lived in the time of Kings Ahab and Ahaziah (9th century B.C.).At the end of his service Elijah ascended alive to heaven.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_558"> <Title>Apostle John the Theologian</Title>
<Text>Apostle John the Theologian (the Evangelist), one of the first of the twelve apostles, the favourite disciple of Jesus Christ. He witnessed Christ's transfiguration, His prayer of the cup, His crucifixion and resurrection. According to the church tradition John is the author of the fourth gospel, three epistles and the Apocalypse.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_559"> <Title>Iov (?-1607)</Title>
<Text>Iov (?-1607) - the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589-1605), one of the Moscow prelates, supporter for the election of Boris Godunov to the throne. Under Pseudo-Dmitry I he was brought down from the patriarchal throne and exiled to the Staritsky Assumption Monastery where he died. He was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. His commemoration days are 19 June (2 July) and 5 April (18).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_560"> <Title>Iona (?-1461)</Title>
<Text>Iona (?-1461), the Metropolitan of Moscow (from 1448), the first head of the autocephalous Church in Russia (independent from the Constantinople Patriarch). He was made Metropolitan on the initiative of the council of Russian bishops and Grand Duke Vasily II Tyomny (the Blind). Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, commemorated on 31 March, 27 May, 5 October.</Text>
<Text>Vladimirov, Iosif (the dates of birth and death are unknown), a Russian painter of the 17th century, born in Yaroslavl. He was icon painter at the Kremlin Armoury, took part in decorating the Assumption (1642-44) and the Archangels (since 1652) Cathedrals, the Trinity Church in the Nikitniki (1652-53) in Moscow and the Assumption Cathedral in Rostov-Yaroslavsky (1659).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_562"> <Title>Hypostasis</Title>
<Text>Hypostasis (from Greek for essence) is the theological idea explaining the essence of each person in the Holy Trinity - the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. It was used in classical Greek philosophy for "individual". Since the late 4th century has been applied only to the Holy Trinity.</Text>
<Text>Kiprian (circa 1336-1406), the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia. In 1375 was made Metropolitan of Kiev, Russia and Lithuania, from 1390 lived in Moscow. Supported the policies of Grand Duke Vasili I aimed at uniting the Russian lands. Was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, commemorated 27 May (9 June) and 16 September (29).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_567"> <Title>Border scene</Title>
<Text>A border scene in icon painting is a separate part of an icon border with its own subject represented in it. Sometimes such smaller separate subjects were arranged round the main one in the centre. They usually illustrated the life of the saint or saints represented in the central part, sometimes contained historical, theological or liturgical commentary on the main subject.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_568"> <Title>Motif</Title>
<Text>A motif is an element of an art work; it may refer either to nature or to its representation by the artist.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_569"> <Title>Aestheticism</Title>
<Text>Aestheticism is the cult of beauty in art and in life; also acceptance of the norms of "pure art" and the theory of "art for art's sake".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_571"> <Title>Ballets Russes of S.P. Diaghilev</Title>
<Text>The Ballets Russes were the Russian ballet seasons in Paris under the management of S.P. Diaghilev.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_572"> <Title>Constantine the Great (285-337)</Title>
<Text>Constantine the Great (285-337), a Christian saint (apostle-ranked), Roman Emperor from A.D. 306. In A.D. 324 restored the unity of government and moved his capital to Constantinopole. In A.D. 313 he issued an edict on religious tolerance which gave recognition to Christianity. Before his death he was christened. Commemorated on 21 May (3 June).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_573"> <Title>MGU</Title>
<Text>MGU, the Russian abbreviation for The Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_574"> <Title>Stuck, Franz von (1863-1928)</Title>
<Text>Franz von Stuck (1863-1928), a German painter, graphic artist, sculptor and architect. Worked in the style of Symbolism and Art Nouveau.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_575"> <Title>The old style (Julian calendar)</Title>
<Text>The old style (Julian calendar), the solar calendar used since the year 45 B.C. (under Julius Caesar). The new style (Gregorian calendar, after Pope Gregory XIII) was introduced in Russia on 14 February (1) 1918. The difference between the old and the new style is now 13 days.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_576"> <Title>Canticle "What shall we give thee, Christ "</Title>
<Text>A Christmas chant "What shall we give thee, Christ, since thou came to the earth for our sake, each offers thee: the angels - singing, the heaven - a star, the Magi - gifts, the pastors - miracles, the earth - a cave, the wilderness - a manger, and we - the Virgin Motherà".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_577"> <Title>Gesso</Title>
<Text>Gesso (from Latin gypsum), in icon painting the priming (plaster) made of crushed chalk (rarely alabaster) mixed with animal or fish (sturgeon) glue. It was applied in several layers to a specially prepared panel and, when dried, was polished. Part of the icon surface could be decorated in relief ornament modelled in the plaster.</Text>
<Text>Moller, Fyodor Antonovich (1812-1875), a painter of historical subjects, pupil of K.P. Bryullov and member of the Academy of Arts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_579"> <Title>Liturgy</Title>
<Text>Liturgy (from Greek for service), the main form of the Christian divine service; a certain sequence of prayers and sacramental actions, principally preparing, consecrating, and offering the sacraments of bread and wine symbolizing the body and blood of Christ.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_580"> <Title>Kinetism</Title>
<Text>Kinetism is a trend in 20th century art which finds motion an essential component of an art work. The chief proponents of the trend were N. Gabo, A. Calder, J. Tinguely and others. In Russia the trend was represented by the group "Motion".</Text>
<Text>Makary (1482-1563), the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia from 1542. A follower of the venerable Iosif Volotsky. Initiated the canonization of Russian saints, convened the so-called 100-Chapter Council (1551). Author of many epistles and moral teachings, compiled "The Great Monthly Readings" ("Chetyi Minei" - saints' lives in keeping with the Church calendar). He is commemorated on 30 December (12 January).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_582"> <Title>Maphorion</Title>
<Text>A maphorion (from Greek), a woman's outer garment - a long shawl covering the figure from head to foot. The Virgin's maphorion is one of the precious relics preserved in Her memory. Since A.D.474 it was kept at the Vlacherna Church of the Holy Virgin in Constantinople.</Text>
<Text>Decorativeness (from Latin for beautify) - the quality of art works tending towards stylised and generalised representation and to ornamentality.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_584"> <Title>The local tier (local row)</Title>
<Text>The local tier of the iconostasis contains the icons of the Saviour and the Virgin on the sides of the Bema Doors and next to the image of Christ - the icon of the saint or event to which the church is consecrated. The choice of the other icons depends on local needs and the character of the church. The local icons are objects of close and direct contact and worship for the parish.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_585"> <Title>Chronology from the creation of the world</Title>
<Text>The ancient Roman chronology came to Russia with the adoption of Christianity: the Julian calendar, the names of the months and the seven-day week. The years were counted "from the creation of the world" which was thought to have occurred in 5508 B.C.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_586"> <Title>Chronology from the Birth of Christ</Title>
<Text>The Chronology from the Birth of Christ counts the years from the nativity of Jesus Christ designated as A.D. (Anno Domini) which was supposed to have come 5508 years "from the creation of the world". In Russia it was introduced in 1700 by Peter I decree.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_587"> <Title>Metropolitan</Title>
<Text>A metropolitan is in the Orthodox Church a hierarch heading the church administration in a metropoly (province, region, or country) and responsible directly to the Patriarch. This title was officially established in the canonical law of the 4th century.</Text>
<Text>Pyotr (?-1326), a Russian saint, Metropolitan of all Russia from 1308. In 1324 he moved his residence from Vladimir to Moscow where he laid down the Assumption Cathedral, which greatly aided Moscow's rise to supreme power. He was buried in that cathedral. His commemoration days are 21 December (3 January) and 24 August (6 September).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_589"> <Title>"The Argo"</Title>
<Text>"The Argo" (here) was a group of artists and engineers (Moscow, 1970); among its members were F. Infante, N. Goryunova and others. Its programme was based on the idea of correlation between the natural and the artificial in our environment.</Text>
<Text>The Mikhailovsky Golden-Domed Monastery was built and decorated on the order of the Grand Duke of Kiev Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (christened Mikhail) in 1108-1113. In 1934-1935 the monastery was demolished in the process of Kiev's reconstruction.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_591"> <Title>Moses</Title>
<Text>Moses was the Old Testament prophet who delivered the Israelites from captivity in Egypt (late 13th-early 12th centuries B.C.). On Mount Sinai he received the tablets of law from the Almighty: ten commandments and many other moral, legal and ritual precepts. Then he offered a sacrifice which affirmed the covenant between God and His people.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_592"> <Title>Flavitsky, Konstantin Dmitrievich (1830-1866)</Title>
<Text>Flavitsky, Konstantin Dmitrievich (1830-1866), a painter in the historical genre in the academic style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_593"> <Title>Martyrs</Title>
<Text>Martyrs make up one of the orders of Christian saints; they are people who confess Christian faith in the face of persecution and suffer torture and death rather than renounce it.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_594"> <Title>"Motion"</Title>
<Text>"Motion" was a group of Moscow artists led by L.V. Nusberg (Moscow, 1962-1974) who tried to revive some of the ideas of Constructivism and Suprematism under the auspices of Kinetism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_595"> <Title>MVHPU</Title>
<Text>MVHPU, the Russian abbreviation for The Moscow Higher Art and Industry School (the former Stroganov School).</Text>
<Text>Heavenly Jerusalem is the holy city, New Jerusalem, the abode of the righteous in future bliss described in the closing chapter of the Apocalypse.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_597"> <Title>Designer</Title>
<Text>The word designer is used here to denote an artist engaged in forming the asthetic and functional qualities of the material environment.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_598"> <Title>Nikon of Radonezh (?-1426)</Title>
<Text>Nikon of Radonezh (?-1426) was a disciple and follower of the Venerable Sergy of Radonezh after whose death in 1391 he became Abbot at the Trinity-St Sergy Lavra. He is commemorated on the 17 November (30).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_599"> <Title>Retrospective</Title>
<Text>Retrospective (from Latin for back) is turning to the past. In the work of artists belonging to "The World of Art" society it was imitation of art from past epochs.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_600"> <Title>Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna</Title>
<Text>Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna (1890-1958), daughter of Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich, a cousin of Emperor Nicholas II.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_602"> <Title>Hodegetria</Title>
<Text>Hodegetria (from Greek for show the way), an iconographic type representing the Virgin and Child who sits on His mother's arm, His right hand raised in a gesture of blessing, a scroll or (more rarely) a code in His left hand. The Virgin points to Christ with Her right hand. The meaning of this composition is the advent to the world of the Heavenly King and His worship.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_603"> <Title>Mount</Title>
<Text>Mount is a decorative framework or cover for an icon or a book made of thin sheets of gold, silver or gilded, silvered copper. Such covers were ornamented with chasing, niello, enamel, pearls, gems, etc.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_604"> <Title>The Octoechos</Title>
<Text>The Octoechos (from Greek for eight), one of the principal books in the Orthodox Church divine service containing changeable chants for the so-called movable days of the week cycle.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_605"> <Title>Omophorion</Title>
<Text>An omophorion (from Greek for stole), a sign of the hierarchal rank, a wide long ribbon ornamented with crosses and worn on the shoulders over all other vestments. It is a symbol of the stray sheep (i.e. humankind) and the clergyman wearing it imitates Christ the Good Shepherd who takes the sheep on His shoulders and brings it back to the flock.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_607"> <Title>The instruments of Passion</Title>
<Text>The instruments of Passion are those that were used in the Gospel story for the torture and crucifixion of Christ: the cross, the spear with which His ribs were pierced, the reed with the sponge filled with vinegar to give Him a drink, the crown of thorns, nails, etc.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_608"> <Title>Ochre strokes</Title>
<Text>Ochre strokes in icon painting form the thin layer or layers for modeling faces or nude parts of the body.</Text>
<Text>The Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery was founded in 1414 by the Venerable Pavel Obnorsky (after 1429), a disciple of the Venerable Sergy of Radonezh.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_610"> <Title>Panagia</Title>
<Text>Panagia (from Greek for all saints), 1) a communion bread dedicated to the Holy Virgin; 2) an epithet for the representations of the Virgin of the Sign which often adorned panagiaras (special cases for storing communion cakes), also miniature round icons worn on the breast.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_611"> <Title>Patriarch</Title>
<Text>Patriarch (from Greek for ancestor) is in Orthodox church hierarchy the supreme ecclesiastical title given to the heads of some autocephalous (i.e. self-governed) Orthodox Churches. In Russia the Patriarchate was established in 1589 under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and Patriarch Iov. It was abolished by Peter I and restored after the 1917 revolution.</Text>
<Text>The thematic picture was a special genre in Soviet art meeting the requirements of Socialist Realism. It combined features of the daily life genre, historical picture and portrait. The predominant subjects were drawn from events in the revolution, the Civil and Great Patriotic wars, as well as socialist construction etc.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_613"> <Title>Apostle Peter</Title>
<Text>Peter (Simon) was one of the first twelve apostles. He proclaimed Jesus as "the Christ, son of the living God" for which he was graced with the nickname of Cephas, or Peter (stone) on which the future Christian Church was to rest (Mth XVI, 17-19). Author of two New Testament epistles. The tradition has it that he was executed in Rome under Nero's persecution of Christians (circa 65).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_614"> <Title>Anthroposophy</Title>
<Text>Anthroposophy was a trend in religious philosophy developed in the early 20th century by R. Steiner. It is based on the teaching of man as the bearer of hidden spiritual forces.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_615"> <Title>Sokolov-Skala, Pavel Petrovich (1899-1961)</Title>
<Text>Sokolov-Skala, Pavel Petrovich (1899-1961), a painter and master of historical subjects. Was awarded with the title People's Artist of the USSR and was a member of the USSR Academy of Arts. In earlier years was a member of the AHRR art association.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_616"> <Title>The earth</Title>
<Text>The earth in icon painting is a brown or green strip under the feet of the persons represented in it - a stylised representation of the ground on which they stand.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_617"> <Title>Renovation</Title>
<Text>Painting over, refreshing a painting was its restoration in the old understanding of the word: a method for removing the decayed parts and complete re-painting of the lost parts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_618"> <Title>Genre painter</Title>
<Text>A genre painter works in the genre depicting scenes of daily life.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_619"> <Title>Chalice</Title>
<Text>A chalice (in Russian from Greek poter), a liturgical vessel for the consecration of bread and wine for communion.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_620"> <Title>VTSPS</Title>
<Text>VTSPS, the Russian abbreviation for The All-Union Central Soviet of Trade Unions.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_621"> <Title>The Feasts tier of the iconostasis</Title>
<Text>The Feasts icons form the third tier in the high iconostasis of the Russian Orthodox Church (after the local and Deesis rows). It contains icons of twelve major Christian feasts (from the Nativity of the Virgin to the Exaltation of the Cross) and some other festival subjects.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_623"> <Title>Highlights</Title>
<Text>Highlights in icon painting are those parts of the representation (except faces and other naked parts of the body) which look better lit, with patches of light on them, which is achieved by repeatedly applying the same tone with more and more white mixed in. It is often finished with a stroke of pure white.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_624"> <Title>Daniel</Title>
<Text>Daniel was one of the four Israeli prophets who lived in the time of the Babylon captivity (after 587 B.C.). He served at the court of Nebuchadnezzar and later won the favour of Darius the Mede. Calumny by jealous courtiers led to his execution - he was thrown into the lions' den, but miraculously came out unhurt (an allusion to the death and resurrection of Christ).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_625"> <Title>Prophet</Title>
<Text>A prophet in Biblical history is one who voices God's will. Some of the Patriarchs are also considered early prophets: Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Jacob, Moses and others. The books written by some of the prophets form part of the Old Testament. The last of the prophets was John the Baptist.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_626"> <Title>Makovsky, Vladimir Yegorovich (1846-1920)</Title>
<Text>Makovsky, Vladimir Yegorovich (1846-1920), a painter, master of genre subjects and a member of the Itinerant Exhibitions Company.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_627"> <Title>"Masters of the New East"</Title>
<Text>"Masters of the New East", an art association (Tashkent, 1929-1930). Its members were concerned with the pursuit of the "national style" and sought to express new revolutionary ideas in their work.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_628"> <Title>The Association of Workers in Representational Arts (Russian abbr. ARIZO)</Title>
<Text>The Association of Workers in Representational Arts (Russian abbr. ARIZO) (Samarkand, 1929-1932) was set up on the initiative of non-professional young artists from Samarkand. In 1930 most of the professional artists in Samarkand and Tashkent joined it. This new association opposed the "academism" of the Tashkent chapter of the Association of the Artists of Revolution (AHR).</Text>
<Text>Post-Impressionism is a general name for the trends in French painting that emerged in the mid-1880s as a reaction to Impressionism. While it inherited from Impressionism the pure and bright colour, Post-Impressionism contrasted it with generalised synthetic painting methods.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_631"> <Title>The Nativity of Christ</Title>
<Text>The Nativity of Christ is one of the duodenal Christian feasts marked on 7 January (25 December Old Style). It was established in memory of the miraculous birth of Jesus Christ, the Son of God by the Virgin Mary.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_633"> <Title>Savva of Storozhi</Title>
<Text>Savva of Storozhi (died in 1406) the Venerable, disciple of the Venerable Sergy of Radonezh. By the wish of Duke Yury of Zvenigorod he founded a monastery on the Mount Storozhevskaya near that town and was its Abbot for 30 years. He is commemorated on 19 January (1 February) and 3 December (16).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_634"> <Title>Saccos</Title>
<Text>A saccos is part of the clergy's vestments worn over the tunic instead of the phelonia. It symbolises the purple mantle which was put on Christ by the mocking soldiers. It is derived from the ancient Hebrew garb for sorrow, fasting, and repentance - a mere length of cloth without sleeves, with an opening for the head.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_635"> <Title>St Paraskeve</Title>
<Text>St Paraskeve (from Greek for Friday), a Christian saint and martyr who suffered during the persecution of Christians under the Roman Emperor Diocletian; for her refusal to renounce the Christian faith she was beheaded on order of the governor of the Roman province Iconia. She is commemorated on 14 October (27).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_636"> <Title>"Izobrigada"</Title>
<Text>"Izobrigada", a society formed by a group of former members of OST (the Society of Easel Painters): P.V. Williams, Yu.I. Pimenov and others. (Moscow, 1931-1932) They criticised the former practice of the OST for "astheticising formalism" and saw their goal as to strengthen "the proletarian sector in art".</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_637"> <Title>St Nicholas</Title>
<Text>St Nicholas, a Church father, Archbishop of Myra Lycian under the Roman Emperors Diocletian and Constantine. He is famous for many miracles he worked in his lifetime and following his death. He is venerated as the patron of "the orphaned and infirm", of travellers on land and sea and of agriculture.
Commemorated on 6 December (19) and 9 May (22)- the day his remains were moved from Myra to the Italian city of Bari.</Text>
<Text>Post-modernism is a term denoting structurally similar phenomena in the public life and culture of the modern industrially developed countries. Post-modernism strives for synthesis in the existent art systems and for a dialogue with and a distance from the epochs and cultures it resorts to.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_639"> <Title>Priming</Title>
<Text>Priming in painting is the underlayer covering the canvas, cardboard, or panel to which further paints are applied.</Text>
<Text>Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (1050-1113), Grand Duke of Kiev (from 1093), grandson of Yaroslav the Wise. He first ruled Polotsk (1069-1071), Novgorod (1078-1088) and Turov (1088-1093). Jointly with Vladimir Monomach he fought a victorious campaign against the Polovtsi in 1103.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_641"> <Title>Seraphim</Title>
<Text>Seraphim (from Hebrew for flaming), one of the nine angelic orders. Together with Cherubim and Thrones they formed the highest angelic hierarchy. They were depicted as flaming six-winged beings without body, with faces only, which stressed their incorporeal spiritual nature.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_642"> <Title>The World Exhibition of 1937 in Paris</Title>
<Text>The World Exhibition of 1937 in Paris was aimed at demonstrating the progress of science and technology and achievements in art. Each participating country was represented by a separate pavilion.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_644"> <Title>Hyperbole</Title>
<Text>Hyperbole is a speech device of great exaggeration for making a stronger impression.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_646"> <Title>Plav</Title>
<Text>Plav (Russian for melt) was a special device in icon painting for the smooth transition from the darker parts of face modeling to lighter and prominent parts with gradual, delicate, concealed strokes. It required careful "melting" of the paint layers (ochre brushwork) covering their joints.</Text>
<Text>IZO Narcomprosa, the Russian abbreviation for the Department of Representational Arts of the People's Commissariat (i.e. ministry) of Education.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_648"> <Title>Copy</Title>
<Text>A copy or replica of a famous miracle working icon executed with the same iconographic type, representations, composition and sometimes of the same size (so-called "measured copies").</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_649"> <Title>Gerasimov, Sergei Vasilievich (1885-1964)</Title>
<Text>Gerasimov, Sergei Vasilievich (1885-1964), a painter, People's Artist of the USSR and member of the USSR Academy of Arts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_650"> <Title>Canticle</Title>
<Text>A canticle (in Russian stichera, from Greek for verse), a special chant for church services consisting of verses of the same metre, usually preceeded by a verse from the Holy Scriptures </Text>
<Text>The 100-Chapter Council was a church assembly convened in Moscow in 1551. It issued a 100-chapter code regulating a large number of issues including those concerning church art. It recommended strict rules for the work of icon painters and resolved some disputed iconographic points (in particular, the representation of the Holy Trinity).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_652"> <Title>Stylite</Title>
<Text>A stylite was a Christian ascetic in a state of incessant prayer "on a pillar" or any other open height - a tower, a hill etc. According to the Christian tradition the first in the line of such ascetics was St Simeon Stylites (5th century).</Text>
<Text>The "Collective Action" was a group of artists working in the field of conceptual art (A.V. Monastyrsky, N.S. Panitkov, G.D. Kizelvater, I.G. Makarevich, and others). The group was formed in the 1970s as an underground trend. Its members were active in the genres of performance and installation.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_654"> <Title>The Stroganov school of icon painting</Title>
<Text>The Stroganov school of icon painting of the late 16th-early 17th centuries is a term applied to works done on order of the Stroganovs, some of them in Solvychegodsk, the seat of the distinguished family, others in Moscow by the leading painters of the royal court or the Patriarchy.</Text>
<Text>Tamerlane (Timur, Timurleng) (1336-1405), a statesman, warrior and emir (from 1370) who created a large and strong warlike power with a capital in Samarkand. He waged long campaigns of conquest.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_656"> <Title>The Trinity</Title>
<Text>The Trinity is God whose essence is one, but whose being is expressed in three hypostasis - the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. The doctrine of the Holy Trinity was first formulated by the Church soon after the official recognition of Christianity and included in the resolutions of the 1st and 2nd ecumenical councils (A.D. 325 and 380).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_657"> <Title>Pigment</Title>
<Text>Pigment (from Latin for paint), coloured chemicals used in painting: natural (ochre, yellow minium, cinnabar, chalk, lapis lazuli and others) and artificial (soot, ultramarine, white lead and others).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_659"> <Title>The Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin</Title>
<Text>The Assumption Cathedral of the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia was built in the Sobornaya Square of the Moscow Kremlin in 1475-79 by the Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti in place of the former cathedral of the 14th century of the same name.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_660"> <Title>GSHM</Title>
<Text>GSHN, the Russian abbreviation for The State Free Art Workshops.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_661"> <Title>Mount Tabor</Title>
<Text>Mount Tabor is a mountain east of Nazareth, Palestine, the place of the Transfiguration of Christ.</Text>
<Text>Feodor Ioannovich (1557-98) was the last Russian Tsar of the Rurich dynasty (from 1584). A son of Ivan IV, incapable of carrying out state government, he trusted the state affairs to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov.</Text>
<Text>Filaret (circa 1554/1555-1633), boyar, secular name Feodor Romanov, Patriarch of Moscow (1608-1610 and from 1619), father of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov. After Mikhail was elected to the throne, Filaret was restored as Patriarch and became the actual co-ruler of the country.</Text>
<Text>Philip, one of the first twelve apostles who came from the Galilean town of Bethsaid. The tradition has it that after the Ascension of Christ he preached Christianity in Scythia and Phrigia. He was crucified head down in Hierapol under Emperor Domitian and was buried by Apostle Bartholomew.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_665"> <Title>Metropolitan Philip (1507-1569)</Title>
<Text>Philip (secular name - Feodor Stepanovich Kolychev) (1507-1569), Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia in 1566-1568. As Metropolitan, he censured the lawlessness and the Oprichniki guard of Ivan the Terrible. In 1568 he was incarcerated in the Otroch-Assumption Monastery, Tver, where a year later he was murdered (strangled) by the Tsar's henchman Malyuta Skuratov. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, commemorated on 9 January (22).</Text>
<Text>Thomas was one of the first twelve apostles. In the Gospel story he was not among the other apostles when Christ appeared to them after His Resurrection and he disbelieved it until Christ appeared again after eight days and let him touch His wounds.</Text>
<Text>Foty (?-1431), Metropolitan of Moscow (from 1408), of Greek origin. He sought to subjugate the Orthodox Church of Lithuania to the Moscow Metropoly. He is commemorated on 27 May and 2 July.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_668"> <Title>Gropius, Walter (1883-1969)</Title>
<Text>Gropius, Walter (1883-1969), a German architect and designer of the Bauhaus school (1919-1933) in Germany.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_669"> <Title>Cherubim</Title>
<Text>Cherubim (from Hebrew for wisdom), one of the nine angelic orders. Together with Seraphim and Thrones they formed the highest angelic hierarchy. They were depicted as winged creatures with many eyes, with no body but the face, which emphasised their incorporeal spiritual nature.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_670"> <Title>Tunic</Title>
<Text>A tunic was an under garment of linen or wool shaped as a gown, usually without sleeves, pinned on the shoulders with buckles and girded with a belt.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_671"> <Title>Patronal icon</Title>
<Text>The patronal icon is from the festival or saint to which or to whom the church is consecrated. It is placed in the local row of the iconostasis, right of the Bema Doors.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_672"> <Title>RAH</Title>
<Text>RAH, the Russian abbreviation for The Russia's Academy of Arts (since 1992).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_673"> <Title>Holy Doors</Title>
<Text>Holy Doors are the folding doors between the sanctuary and the main space of the church. They are placed in the centre of the sanctuary barrier, or iconostasis. During the Divine liturgy they are opened for carrying out the communion. The doors are usually painted with the scene of Annunciation and the images of the four evangelists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_674"> <Title>Engraving</Title>
<Text>Engraving is the type of graphic art in which the representation is printed from a relief design cut in a wooden or metal board, etc. The prints are also called engravings.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_675"> <Title>Watercolour</Title>
<Text>Watercolour is transluscent water paint and also a painting completed in it.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_676"> <Title>Improvisation</Title>
<Text>Improvisation is here a term used by V.V. Kandinsky for the second stage to composition - the highest form of abstract art. In his opinion improvisation reflects "àsuddenly arising expressions of processes of the inner character, that is the impressions of the 'inner nature'" </Text>
<Text>Yury Dolgoruky (1090-1157), Duke of Rostov and Suzdal, later Grand Duke of Kiev (from 1155). A son of Vladimir Monomach. As is mentioned in the entry of the chronicle under 1147, his lands also included Moscow.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_678"> <Title>God's fools</Title>
<Text>God's fools are one of the orders of Christian saints, ascetics who rejected in the Christ's name the joys of earthly life, even their reason, and consciously adopted the ways of idiots subjected to scorn and mockery. This type of ascetism was particularly widespread in old Russia from the 14th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_679"> <Title>Bauhaus</Title>
<Text>Bauhaus was a college of architecture and design, a combined art school and artists' society in Germany (1919-1933). It was founded by the German architect Walter Gropius.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_682"> <Title>"Blessed Be the Host of the Heavenly King"</Title>
<Text>"Blessed Be the Host of the Heavenly King, also the earthly martyrs striving to attain the angelic order, mortifying their flesh and through suffering seeking the honour of the fleshless", - Octoych, Stichera V of the chant to martyrs.</Text>
<Text>The Virgin Kardiotissa, an iconographic type of representing the Virgin in which Mary is shown with the Christ child caressing Her and playing in Her arms. The type finally evolved in the 13th-14th centuries as a variant of the Virgin Eleousa type.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_684"> <Title>The Virgin Eleousa of Kykkos</Title>
<Text>The Virgin Eleousa of Kykkos, a miracle working icon worshiped as the greatest sacred object of Cyprus where it appeared in the reign of the byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus (1080-1118). The tradition links the icon with the Apostle Luke. At the end of the 10th century the icon was moved to Constantinopole where a monastry was founded in the name of the Virgin Eleousa.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_685"> <Title>"Makovets"</Title>
<Text>The "Makovets" was an association of artists (1921-1926) including L.F. Zheghin, V.E. Pestel, S.M. Romanovich, N.M. Chernyshov who pursued the aim of reviving the spiritual traditions in art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_690"> <Title>"Thrones"</Title>
<Text>"Thrones", one of the nine angelic orders. Together with Seraphim and Cherubim they formed the highest angelic hierarchy standing before God and singing glory to Him. They were depicted as winged flaming wheels at the foot of the throne of the Almighty.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_694"> <Title>"The Generation Book of the Tsar's Genealogy" ("Book of Generations")</Title>
<Text>"The Generation Book of the Tsar's Genealogy" ("Book of Generations") is a relic of Russian historical literature compiled in the 1560s at the order of Ivan the Terrible. It is a systematic account of Russian history from Vladimir I Svyatoslavich to Ivan IV inclusive, based on the chronicles, chronographs, family trees etc.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_695"><Title>Depository</Title>
<Text>A depository (from Latin for storage) in a museum is the place for storing works of art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_701"> <Title>The Great Patriotic War</Title>
<Text>The Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) of the USSR against Germany. In June 1944 The United States and Great Britain opened the second front in Northern France. The war ended in a victory for the anti-Hitler coalition.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_702"> <Title>The latest trends of French painting</Title>
<Text>The latest trends of French painting (here) are those about the turn of the 19th-20th centuries: Impressionism, Post-impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism.</Text>
<Text>Alexis (circa 1293-1378), Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia from 1354. He supported the unifying policy of the Moscow Dukes. He was actually the regent in the infancy of Duke Dmitry later called Donskoy. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, commemorated 12 February (25) and 20 May (2 June), also the day for obtaining his relics 5 September(18).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_704"> <Title>Andrey Bogolubsky (not before 1100-1174)</Title>
<Text>Andrey Bogolubsky (not before 1100-1174), the Grand Duke of Vladimir (from 1157) and son of Yuriy Dolgoruky. Helped his father in his struggle for the throne of Kiev (from 1149), ruled in Vyshgorod, Turov, Pinsk and other regions. He made Vladimir the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality. In 1174 he was assassinated in a conspiracy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_705"> <Title>Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay Andreyevich (1844-1908)</Title>
<Text>Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay Andreyevich (1844-1908), a composer and conductor.</Text>
<Text>Apocryphal writings (from Greek for secret), works of Judaic and early Christian literature unrecognised by the Church as canonical. Some of them were widely used as additional sources in hymnography and icon painting.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_707"> <Title>Apostles</Title>
<Text>The Apostles (from Greek for messenger) were twelve disciples and companions of Christ, summoned by him to preach and teach the gospel. They were the brothers Peter and Andrew, brothers James the Elder and John the Theologian, Philip, Bartholomew (Nathanail), Matthew the Publican, Thomas, James son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_708"> <Title>Archangel</Title>
<Text>The Archangels (from Greek for senior messenger), one of the nine angelic orders. Archangel Michael is the heavenly warrior, the champion of the "God's people and the militant Church"; Gabriel is the messenger revealing the meaning of various events; Rafael is a healer and guide.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_709"> <Title>Archbishop</Title>
<Text>The archbishop (from Greek for chief overseer) is a special title granted to members of the highest of three ranks in the Orthodox Church hierarchy (bishops). In early Christian times it corresponded to a metropolitan.</Text>
<Text>Goncharova, Natalia Sergeyevna (1881-1962), a painter and stage designer; the wife and colleague of M.F. Larionov.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_711"> <Title>Hierarch</Title>
<Text>Hierarch (from Greek for chief priest) is the general term for members of the higher orders of clergy (bishops, archbisops, and metropolitans).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_712"> <Title>Hatching</Title>
<Text>Hatching (from Latin for stand by), in icon painting gold or silver webbing, strokes over the hair, clothes and other parts of figures, symbolising the rays of Divine Light.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_713"> <Title>Nymph</Title>
<Text>A nymph in Greek mythology is a female deity of natural phenomena - mountains, woods, brooks, etc.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_714"> <Title>Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin</Title>
<Text>Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin was the private church of the Moscow Grand Dukes, later Tsars. It was constructed between 1484-1489 by builders from Pskov on the orders of Grand Duke Ivan III to replace an earlier church of the same name which dated back to the late 14th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_715"> <Title>Restorer</Title>
<Text>A restorer is an artist specialising in the restoration and preservation of works of art and architecture.</Text>
<Text>Divine Incarnation is the coming of the Son of God in human form. In the Christian teaching this is one of the basic doctrines that describing of God's love for the salvation of mankind. The aim of Divine Incarnation is to overcome sin and death through the redeeming sacrifice of Jesus Christ and, finally, saving mankind.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_718"> <Title>Volnukhin, Sergei Mikhailovich (1859-1921)</Title>
<Text>Volnukhin, Sergei Mikhailovich (1859-1921), a sculptor, artist P.M. Tretyakov's portrait and the monument to the first Russian printer Ivan Feodorov (in Moscow).</Text>
<Text>The Lancaster schools teaching method was mutual teaching (senior pupils studying and teaching younger ones). They were named after the English teacher J. Lancaster (1771-1838) who invented the teaching system for poor children.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_729"> <Title>Lithography</Title>
<Text>Lithography is a kind of mass printing in which prints are obtained by making an impression of an image, which is transferred onto a lithographic stone with greasy ink or a lithographic pencil. After treating it with acid it is washed and paints are applied which stick only to the prominent parts that trace the drawing.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_730"> <Title>Cheap popular print</Title>
<Text>A cheap popular print, usually from a matrix cut in bast (Russian lubok) or wood. Such prints were a kind of folk graphic art depicting simple popular subjects for wide circulation among the lower classes.</Text>
<Text>Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovich (1804-1857), a composer. His chief works are the operas: "A Life for the Tsar" (premiered 1836) and "Ruslan and Ludmila" (1842).</Text>
<Text>Zagoskin, Mikhail Nikolayevich (1789-1852), a novelist and dramatist. He took part in the Patriotic War of 1812. His chief works are the novels "Yuriy Miloslavsky, or Russians in 1612" (1829), "Roslavev, or Russians in 1812" (1831).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_733"> <Title>Medallist</Title>
<Text>A medallist (here) is an artist practising the art of designing and making medals.</Text>
<Text>The Naval Cadet Corps was a specialised school for training naval officers. It was founded by Peter I in 1701 in Moscow and in 1771 was transferred to Kronstadt. It was given the name in 1802.</Text>
<Text>Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), French Emperor (1804-1815). Became prominent during the period of the Great French Revolution. He created an empire comprising most European countries, which began to disintegrate as a result of his defeat during the Russian campaign of 1812 - known in Russia as the Patriotic war.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_738"> <Title>Alefbet</Title>
<Text>Alefbet is alphabet in Hebrew.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_739"> <Title>The Society of Lubomudri</Title>
<Text>The Society of Lubomudri (the Russian calque of "philosophers") was a literary and philosophic club (1823-1825) founded in Moscow by D.V. Venevitinov, V.F. Odoyevsky and others, with an interest in German idealistic philosophy (of F. Schelling). After the suppression of the Decembrists' uprising the society ceased its activities.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_740"> <Title>The Society for the Encouragement of Artists (Russian abbr. OPH)</Title>
<Text>The Society for the Encouragement of Artists (Russian abbr. OPH) (1820-1882) was set up in St. Petersburg to develop fine arts and help young Russian artists. In 1824 it established three medals which were awarded to the best graduates from the Academy of Arts. The gold medal winner received a "pensionary" (scholarship) trip abroad for postgraduate studies.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_741"> <Title>Ossian</Title>
<Text>Ossian was a semi-legendary Celtic warrior and bard (3rd century). The literary mystification by J. Macpherson "Works of Ossian, Son of Fingal" (1765) won all-European popularity. The melancholic mood and the "nordic" colour generated a certain so-called "Ossianic" trend in European culture around the turn of the 18-19th centuries.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_742"> <Title>The Patriotic War of 1812</Title>
<Text>The Patriotic War of 1812 was the battle for the liberation of Russia against Napoleon's invasion: Napoleon's army forcing the Neman (12 June), the battle of Borodino (26 August), the Moscow fire (2-6 September), the battle of Berezina (14-16 Novembr). There was a rise in national pride in Russian society following the war.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_743"> <Title>Etching</Title>
<Text>The etching (French eau forte, i.e. nitric acid)is a type of metal engraving in which the plate is covered with an acid-resistant lacquer, and the drawing is completed with an engraving needle. The plate is then placed in nitric acid. The engraved parts become deeper and they are filled with paint. The plate is covered with wet paper and an imprint is obtained with a mechanical press.</Text>
<Text>Basin, Pyotr Vasilievich (1793-1877), a painter, and teacher, who created pictures on mythological, historic, and religius subjects and also many lovely landscapes of Italy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_745"> <Title>Pensioner</Title>
<Text>The word pensioner is used here in the early 18th century to denote a young man who went abroad to study at the expense of the state, a kind of post graduate grant or scholarship. After the Academy of Arts was founded in 1757, the student graduating with a Grand Gold Medal received a scholarship (pension) to continue his studies abroad.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_746"> <Title>Meshchersky, Alexander Vasilievich (1822-1900)</Title>
<Text>Prince Meshchersky, Alexander Vasilievich (1822-1900) - an honourary associate member of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (from 1867) and life-long honourary trustee of the Nobility's Asylum Boarding House in Moscow (from 1878).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_747"> <Title>Portraitist</Title>
<Text>A portraitist is an artist who paints portraits.</Text>
<Text>Raphael Santi (Rafaello Sanzio) (1483-1520), an Italian painter and architect in the High Renaissance period. Among his chief works are the Stanzes (reception rooms) in the Vatican Palace (1509-1517), The Sistine Madonna (1515-1519) and numerous portraits. He held the post of chief architect at St Peter's Cathedral in Rome.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_750"> <Title>"October"</Title>
<Text>"October" (The Association of New Kinds of Artistic Labour, Moscow, 1928-1932) was founded to "encourage the development of class proletarian trends in spatial arts". In addition to artists the society included architects and cinematographists. Many of its members favoured Constructivsm and radically opposed realism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_751"> <Title>Iofan, Boris Mikhailovich (1891-1976)</Title>
<Text>Iofan, Boris Mikhailovich (1891-1976), architect, designer for the Palace of Soviets project.</Text>
<Text>Shchukin, Stepan Semyonovich (1758-1828), a painter and teacher, worked in the genre of portrait, miniature, as well as historical and religious subjects.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_753"> <Title>Sepia</Title>
<Text>Sepia (from Greek for cuttle), transluscent grey-brown paint for pen or brush drawing. The natural sepia was obtained from the ink of the cuttle. Since the 20th century it has been produced artificially.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_754"> <Title>Silhouette</Title>
<Text>Silhouette, a graphic technique representing figures and objects in a uniformly dark (usually black) spot with a clear expressive outline. The term is derived from the name of the 18th century French minister E. de Silhouette who advocated economy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_755"> <Title>Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph (1775-1854)</Title>
<Text>Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph (1775-1854), a German philosopher from the school of classical idealism. He found art to be the highest form of cognition and made a great influence on the aesthetics of Romanticism.</Text>
<Text>Shchedrin, Feodosy Feodorovich (1751-1825), a sculptor and brother of the painter S.F. Shchedrin.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_757"> <Title>Plot</Title>
<Text>The plot (here) of the story, the sequence of events in a literary work, the subject.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_759"> <Title>The Higher Art and Technical Institute (Russian abbr. VHUTEIN)</Title>
<Text>The Higher Art and Technical Institute (Russian abbr. VHUTEIN) (1926-1930) in Moscow. Was established on the basis of the reformed Higher Art and Technical Workshops (VHUTEMAS) preserving its structure and aims. It was closed down in 1930 when the suppression of Formalism in Soviet art became governmental policy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_760"> <Title>The Hermitage</Title>
<Text>The Hermitage (the present full name is the State Hermitage) is a museum in St. Petersburg. Its name originated from the building adjacent to the Winter Palace where Empress Catherine II founded her art collection in 1764.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_761"> <Title>Union for Prosperity</Title>
<Text>The Union for Prosperity was a secret society among future members of the Decembrist movement (1818-1821). Among its members were F.N. Glinka, P.I. Pestel, M.S. Lunin, I.I. Puschin, P.Ya. Chaadayev, F.P. Tolstoy and others.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_762"> <Title>Union for Salvation</Title>
<Text>The Union for Salvation was the first secret society for future members of the Decembrist movement (1816-1817).</Text>
<Text>Ivanov, Andrey Ivanovich (1775-1848), a painter in the historical genre and a teacher.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_764"> <Title>Bas-relief</Title>
<Text>A bas-relief (from French for low relief) is a variety of sculptured relief in which representations project from the surface not more than half their real volume. Such low reliefs are used in the decoration of building walls, pediments of monuments, stelae, memorial plaques, coins, medals and cameos.</Text>
<Text>Shebuyev, Vasiliy Kuzmich (1777-1855), a painter and teacher. Worked in the genres of portrait and historical pictures.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_766"> <Title>Rayonism</Title>
<Text>Rayonism (from Russian luch for ray) was a painting method put forward about 1912 by M.F. Larionov who pursued the aim of representing not objects, but the bunches of light rays reflected from them.</Text>
<Text>Venetsianov's school operated during the 1820-1840s and was established A.G. Venetsianov. It had approximately 70 students. He based his teaching system on direct perception of nature. The leading genres of the school were landscape, still life, interior and ordinary life genres.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_768"> <Title>Freedom note</Title>
<Text>A freedom note was a certificate of proof that a serf had been freed from serfdom.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_769"> <Title>Decembrists</Title>
<Text>The Decembrists were revolutionists who were from the Russian nobility and organised an uprising against the monarchy on 14 December 1825. The uprising was suppressed by the authorities.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_770"> <Title>Medallion</Title>
<Text>A medallion is a round or oval surface framed with a border, often bearing a representation or an ornamental composition. It may be used as part of a design of a building or an object.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_771"> <Title>Chiasmus</Title>
<Text>Chiasmus (from Greek for cross arrangement)(here) is the representation of a human figure in sculpture with the weight resting on one leg, the raised thigh balanced with the lowered shoulder and the raised shoulder - with the lowered thigh.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_772"> <Title>Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich (1768-1844)</Title>
<Text>Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich (1768-1844), a poet who wrote fables, a dramatist and journalist. His comedies "The Fashion Shop" (1806) and "A Lesson to Daughters" (1807) were staged at Petersburg theatres. In 1809 he published his first book of fables. In 1811 he was elected a member of the Russian Academy. He was also the first member of the Academy of Sciences in the philological department.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_773"> <Title>Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (1745-1832)</Title>
<Text>Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (1745-1832), a German writer, poet, philosopher and scholar. His novel "Die Leiden des Jungen Werthers" ("Sorrows of Werther") (1774) was the "manifesto" of Sentimentalism, his novel "Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre" ("Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship") (1795-1796) influenced the rise of Romanticism. His chief work is the tragedy "Faust" (1818; 1825-1831).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_774"> <Title>Terebenev, Ivan Ivanovich (1780-1815)</Title>
<Text>Terebenev, Ivan Ivanovich (1780-1815), a sculptor and graphic artist, author of a series of satirical popular prints mocking Napoleon and his army (1812).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_775"> <Title>Vitali, Ivan Petrovich (1794-1855)</Title>
<Text>Vitali, Ivan Petrovich (1794-1855), a sculptor. From 1818-1841 he lived and worked in Moscow. He created the "Chariot of Glory" and the relief "The Liberation of Moscow" for the Triumphal Arch (1829-1834) and the fountains in Lubyanskaya and Teatralnaya Squares (1835).</Text>
<Text>Title>The All-Union Agricultural Exhibition took place between 1939-1941 and 1954-1958. In 1959 it was incorporated into the Exhibition of Achievements in the National Economy. Its present name is the All-Russia Exhibition Centre.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_777"> <Title>Graphic art</Title>
<Text>Graphic art is a type of representational art encompassing drawing and prints based on the art of drawing.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_778"> <Title>Cosmists</Title>
<Text>Cosmism was a trend in Russian philosophy (K.E. Tsiolvsky, A.P. Chizhevsky) developing the ideas of the unity of man with cosmos. That trend actively influenced art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_779"> <Title>Fyodorov, Nikolay Fyodorovich (1828-1903)</Title>
<Text>Fyodorov, Nikolay Fyodorovich (1828-1903), a philosopher who suggested the idea for the universal resurrection of the dead and overcoming death by means of modern science.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_781"> <Title>Hebrew</Title>
<Text>Hebrew is the original language of the Jewish diaspora and the official language of Israel. Its writing is based on the ancient Hebrew alphabet.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_782"> <Title>The Banishment from Paradise</Title>
<Text>The Banishment from Paradise is a biblical subject widespread during the Middle Ages and Renaissance based on the story of Adam and Eve who were banished from Eden for the first sin.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_783"> <Title>Islam</Title>
<Text>Islam is one of the major world religions. Its followers are known as Muslims, its main doctrine is the worship of Allah, the one and only God. It was founded in Arabia in the 7th century by the Prophet Mohammed.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_784"> <Title>Judaism</Title>
<Text>Judaism is a religion that emerged in the first millennium B.C. based on the worship of the single God Jehova.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_787"> <Title>Koran</Title>
<Text>The Koran is the sacred book of the Muslim faith, compiled in the 7-8th centuries. It contains sermons, ritual instructions, prayers and parables uttered by the Prophet Mohammed.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_788"> <Title>The cosmogony of the universe</Title>
<Text>The cosmogony of the universe was, in ancient Greek philosophy, the notion of cosmic unity which is reflected in the structure of microcosms, i.e. objects that make up the cosmos (planets, living beings, etc). </Text>
<Text>The Lianozovo Group was the first independent association of artists in the Soviet Union during the second half of the 20th century (E.L., L.E., and V.E. Kropivnitskys, O.Y. Rabin, N.E.Vechtomov, V.N. Nemukhin, L.A. Masterkova) and poets (V.N. Nekrasov, G.V. Sapgir and others). Its name was taken from the Moscow district where the group usually met.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_790"> <Title>Metaphysics</Title>
<Text>Metaphysics (from Greek for after physics) is philosophy striving to understand the basic principles of being through meditation. The metaphysical sensation is extra-sensory perception through spiritual elements.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_792"> <Title>Palimpsest</Title>
<Text>A palimpsest is an ancient manuscript written on parchment or other material from which an earlier text had been wiped off, similar to a slate. The traces of such earlier layers form a weird mixture of scripts and meanings.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_793"> <Title>Pastose</Title>
<Text>Pastose painting means applied in a thick layer of paint.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_794"> <Title>Plastic means</Title>
<Text>Plastic means are used to achieve paint expression. They include composition, drawing, colour schemes, texture and various principles of space structure and light-and-shade modeling.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_795"> <Title>Reflection</Title>
<Text>Reflection (from Latin for turn back) is a response to some action or meditation aimed at deeper self-knowledge and self-observation.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_796"> <Title>Sacral</Title>
<Text>Sacral (from Latin for holy) means pertaining to faith, to a religious cult and ritual.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_798"> <Title>Stele</Title>
<Text>A stele is an upright pillar, memorial sign or tombstone. The ancients usually made them of stone with some inscription or representation of an event.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_800"> <Title>The total picture</Title>
<Text>The total picture is the principle of building a picture in such a way as to make it seem like a universal myth embracing all the spheres of being.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_801"> <Title>Urbanism</Title>
<Text>Urbanism (from Latin for city) is a 20th century trend for representing or describing large cities emphasizing the dynamics of their life.</Text>
<Text>Figurative art is based on representing visible forms in the environment.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_803"> <Title>Fauvism</Title>
<Text>Fauvism (from French for wild) was a trend in French art in the early 20th century. Its characteristic features are intensely bright pure colours juxtaposed with contrasting planes, the reduction of forms to mere outlines and rejection of light-and-shade modeling and linear perspective.</Text>
<Text>Vicious infinity is a philosophic term meaning endless and hopeless repetition of the same phenomenon.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_806"> <Title>Genre</Title>
<Text>A genre is a particular type or style of art or literature.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_807"> <Title>"War and Peace"</Title>
<Text>"War and Peace" (1863-1869) is an epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_808"> <Title>Archetype</Title>
<Text>An archetype (from Greek for chief and stamp) is the primal image.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_810"> <Title>MOSH</Title>
<Text>MOSH, the Russian abbreviation for The Moscow Branch of the USSR Artists' Union.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_812"> <Title>Repina, Vera Ilyinichna (1872-1948)</Title>
<Text>Repina, Vera Ilyinichna (1872-1948), daughter of the artist I.E. Repin.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_814"> <Title>Tsar Ioann V</Title>
<Text>Ioann V was the son of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich and his first wife Maria Miloslavskaya, brother of Peter I. They were both crowned as Tsars in infancy in the power struggle following their father's death. Ioann suffered from poor health and, though he was never deposed, he never actually ruled the country.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_815"> <Title>Penal hard labour</Title>
<Text>Hard labour in a penal colony (Russian katorga) was punishment for serious crimes; forced labour; cruel servitude.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_816"> <Title>Vladimir I (?-1015)</Title>
<Text>Vladimir I (?-1015), the younger son of Grand Duke Svyatoslav Igorevich, Grand Duke of Kiev (from 980). Vladimir became known in history as the Baptist, the ruler who introduced Christianity to Russia as a state religion in 988-989 for which he was canonized by the Orthodox Church.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_817"> <Title>Serfdom</Title>
<Text>Serfdom was the legal status of peasants owned by members of the nobility to whose lands they were attached. The were prevented from leaving the land and were completely subjugated to the administrative and judicial power of the landlord.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_818"> <Title>Miloslavskaya, Maria Ilyinichna (1625-1669)</Title>
<Text>Miloslavskaya, Maria Ilyinichna (1625-1669), daughter of the Boyar Ilya Miloslavsky, the first wife of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich.</Text>
<Text>Patriarch Nikon (Nikita Minov) (1605-1681), Russian Patriarch from 1652. He carried out church reforms causing a schism in the Russian Orthodox Church.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_823"> <Title>Petrashevtsi</Title>
<Text>Petrashevtsi were members of a circle in St. Petersburg (1844-1849) organised by the writer M.B. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. They discussed the possibility of a republican state in Russia, liberation of the serfs, organising a secret revolutionary society and a peasant uprising.</Text>
<Text>Archpriest Avvakum Petrov (1620/1621-1682), was the epitome of dissent in Russia. For his refusal to accept the reformation of the Orthodox, introduced by Patriarch Nikon, he was exiled to Siberia where in 1666 he was defrocked and imprisoned in the Pustozersk fortress. There, on the Tsar's order, he was burned in his cell in 1682.</Text>
<Text>The Rurich dynasty of the Grand Dukes of Russia (first of Kiev, then Vladimir, Moscow, and later the Russian Tsars) lasted over the period from the late 9th to the late 16th century. They were descended from the legendary Norman warrior leader Rurich invited by the Novgorod people to Dukedom in 862. The last of the dynasty was Feodor Ioannovich, son of Ivan the Terrible.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_827"> <Title>Streltsy</Title>
<Text>The streltsy (from Russian for shoot) were a special infantry unit around 1550 established during a period of a military reform. They were actually the first permanent troops in Russia before the 18th century.</Text>
<Text>Boyarynya (Noblewoman) Morozova (Morozova, Feodosia Prokopievna 1632-1675), born Sokovnina. An active opponent of the church reform conducted by Patriarch Nikon, a prominent leader of the Old Believers. Her confessor was Archpriest Avvakum. She perished in Borovsky prison.</Text>
<Text>Fleur d'orange is traditionally worn by a bride during a wedding in some countries.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_833"> <Title>The Cathedral of the Intercession</Title>
<Text>The Intercession Cathedral, also known as St Basil's, was built between 1555-1561 in Moscow's Red Square by the architects Barma and Postnik in memory of the conquest of the Kazan Khanate.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_834"> <Title>Christianity</Title>
<Text>Christianity is one of the three major world religions alongside Buddhism and Islam.</Text>
<Text>Tsarevna Sophia (Sophia Alexeyevna) (1657-1704), the ruler of Russia between 1682-1689, daughter of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich, sister of Tsar Peter I. In 1689, after the suppression of the streltsy' mutiny, she was forced to become a nun at the Novodevichy Convent.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_836"> <Title>Voltairian</Title>
<Text>A Voltarian was the name applied in Russia to followers of the teaching of the French philosopher Voltaire.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_837"> <Title>Re-exposition</Title>
<Text>Re-exposition (from Latin), another show of exhibits, restoration of the changed or lost exposition.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_838"> <Title>Zamoshkin, Alexander Ivanovich (1899-1977)</Title>
<Text>Zamoshkin, Alexander Ivanovich (1899-1977), an artist and art historian, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Arts, Honourary Worker in Arts of the RSFSR. He was director at the Tretyakov Gallery from 1941-1951.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_839"> <Title>Rubens, Petrus Paulus (1577-1640)</Title>
<Text>Rubens, Petrus Paulus (1577-1640), a Flemish painter in the baroque style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_840"> <Title>Rembrandt, Harmens van Rijn (1606-1669)</Title>
<Text>Rembrandt, Harmens van Rijn (1606-1669), a Dutch painter and graphic artist.</Text>
<Text>Hokusai, Katsushika (1760-1849), a Japanese painter, graphic artist and master of coloured woodcuts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_842"> <Title>Brodsky, Isaac Israelevich (1884-1939)</Title>
<Text>Brodsky, Isaac Israelevich (1884-1939), a painter and graphic artist, professor and from 1934 director of the All-Russia Academy of Arts in Leningrad.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_843"> <Title>Silversvan, Elena Vladimirovna (1893-1967)</Title>
<Text>Silversvan, Elena Vladimirovna (1893-1967), an art historian who worked at the Tretyakov Gallery from 1934 to 1965 and as the chief curator from 1939 to 1963.</Text>
<Text>Kudryavtsev, Evgeniy Vasilievich (1903-1949), an restoration artist who worked at the Tretyakov Gallery from 1931 to 1949 as chief of the restoration department.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_846"> <Title>"Thaw"</Title>
<Text>The "Thaw" is used to describe the period during the late 1950s - early 1960s when the "personality cult" of Stalin was exposed, which gave some hope for liberalisation of the USSR internal policy.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_848"> <Title>"The Circle of Artists"</Title>
<Text>"The Circle of Artists" was a society set up by graduates of the VHUTEIN (Leningrad, 1926-1932). Its members followed easel forms of painting and wished to reflect contemporary life on the basis of world art traditions.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_849"> <Title>Renaissance</Title>
<Text>The Renaissance was a historical and cultural epoch of the late 13th-16th centuries in Europe. It proclaimed the real world and man as the supreme value, turned to the classical antiquity as its ideal. It continued to have a profound influence on the development of European culture until the end of the 19th century.</Text>
<Text>A battle scene is a picture on a war subject or life during wartime.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_855"> <Title>The New Society of Artists</Title>
<Text>The New Society of Artists (St. Petersburg, 1903-1917) was founded by graduates from the Academy of Arts, mostly pupils of I.E. Repin and A.I. Kuinji, and provided artists with moral and material support for academic training.</Text>
<Text>Samson (Shimshon) (supposedly from Hebrew for sunny), hero of the Old Testament story and who possessed fabulous physical strength, the twelfth of the Judges of Israel.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_857"> <Title>Suvorov, Alexander Vasilievich (1730-1800)</Title>
<Text>Suvorov, Alexander Vasilievich (1730-1800), a Russian general, Field Marshal, a great military leader, one of the founders of Russian military science and a national hero.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_858"> <Title>Terracotta</Title>
<Text>Terracotta (from Italian for baked earth) is fired coloured clay and the non-glazed items made from it.</Text>
<Text>The Italian pencil is a drawing tool from the 14th century, made from black argillaceous schist, later mostly from burnt bone powder mixed with vegetable glue. The mark of such a pencil is matt in colour and not deep-black.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_860"> <Title>Sauce</Title>
<Text>Sauce (here) was for drawing and was made of a very fine black soot mixed together with glue.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_861"> <Title>White</Title>
<Text>White (here) is the general term for all kinds of white pigments used in painting and enamels, also dyes for rubber, plastics and paper. The most widespread are zinc and titanium whites.</Text>
<Text>Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich (1834-1907), a Russian scientist, versatile generally specialised in chemistry and a teacher. He discovered the periodic law of chemical elements (1869), one of the basic laws of nature.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_863"> <Title>Ethnography</Title>
<Text>Ethnography (from Greek for nation and write) is the science for studying nations and tribes of the world.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_864"> <Title>9 January 1905</Title>
<Text>9 January 1905 (known as Bloody Sunday) was the day when regular troops opened fire on a crowd of Petersburg workers petitioning Tsar Nicholas II. The event caused a public outrage and triggered off the first Russian revolution.</Text>
<Text>A religious picture is one painted on a subject from the Holy Scriptures.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_866"> <Title>Tenisheva, Maria Klavdievna (1867-1929)</Title>
<Text>Princess Tenisheva (nee Pyatkovskaya), Maria Klavdievna (1867-1929), a public figure, art patroness and collector and an artist who worked in enamel.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_868"> <Title>Historical-everyday life genre</Title>
<Text>A picture in the historical-everyday life genre has a historical subject with elements of everyday life genre.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_869"> <Title>The Higher Art School (of the Academy of Arts)</Title>
<Text>The Higher Art School (of the Academy of Arts) was a school for painting, sculpture and architecture attached to the Academy of Arts in Petersburg (1894-1918).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_870"> <Title>Shuvalov, Ivan Ivanovich (1727-1797)</Title>
<Text>Shuvalov, Ivan Ivanovich (1727-1797), a Russian statesman, Lieutenant-General and favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. A cousin of A.I and P.I. Shuvalovs. He patronised and promoted education and was the first Trustee of Moscow University, as well as the first President of the Academy of Arts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_871"> <Title>Animalist</Title>
<Text>An animalist is an artist or sculptor specializing in representing animals.</Text>
<Text>The Pre-Raphaelites were a group of English artists and writers in the 19th century who chose as their ideal the art of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance before Raphael. They formed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (1848-1853). In their style they combined minute detail in depicting nature with complicated Symbolism.</Text>
<Text>Michelangelo Buonarrotti (1475-1564), an Italian sculptor, architect, painter and poet in the Renaissance period.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_874"> <Title>Le Fauconnier, Henri (1881-1946)</Title>
<Text>Le Fauconnier, Henri (1881-1946), a French painter in the Cubist trend.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_876"> <Title>Orphism</Title>
<Text>Orphism was a trend in French painting in the 1910s. Its followers (F. Kupka, R. Delaunay, F. Leger and others) sought synthesis in colour, form and sound. The name of the group was suggested by the poet G.Apolinaire in memory of the ancient Greek bard Orpheus.</Text>
<Text>Rerberg (Roerberg), Fyodor Ivanovich (1865-1938), a painter, teacher and art theoretician.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_879"> <Title>The Union of Youth</Title>
<Text>The Union of Youth was an association of artists established in St. Petersburg (1909-1913, 1917) by M.V.Matyushin, E.G.Guro and N.I.Kulbin. In 1913 it was joined by K.S.Malevich and V.E.Tatlin. Their work reflected the Cubo-Futurist and other avant-garde trends in Russian art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_880"> <Title>Alogism</Title>
<Text>Alogism (or "zaum" - Russian for beyond reason) was a trend in Russian avant-garde of the 1910s which rejected "common sense" and appealed to the irrational creative intuition. It was most consistently implemented in the work of K.S. Malevich, Vel. Khlebnikov and A.E. Kruchonykh.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_881"> <Title>UNOVIS</Title>
<Text>UNOVIS was the abbreviation for "Founders of New Art" (Vitebsk 1919-1922). The association was formed in the Vitebsk art school where K.S.Malevich and El Lissitzky taught at that time.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_882"> <Title>GINHUK</Title>
<Text>GINHUK, the abbreviation for the State Institute of Artistic Culture founded by Malevich in 1922. It was closed down in 1926.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_883"> <Title>Opera "Victory over the Sun"</Title>
<Text>The opera "Victory over the Sun" was a futuristic show created by K.S. Malevich (stage design), M.V. Matyushin (music) and A.E. Kruchonykh (verse). It was first produced in 1913.</Text>
<Text>An architectural order is a system of correlated parts in classical architecture (as e.g.Corinthian, etc. Orders) </Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_887"> <Title>Mount Athos</Title>
<Text>Mount Athos (from Greek for holy rock) is located on the Most Eastern projection on the peninsula of Chalcidice in north-eastern Greece, a centre for the Orthodox monastic community.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_888"> <Title>Zorn, Anders (1860-1920)</Title>
<Text>Zorn, Anders (1860-1920), a Swedish painter, with an affinity with Impressionism.</Text>
<Text>Urban folklore (here) means various forms of folk culture in the cities during the early 20th century: woodcut prints, shop signs, trays, posters of straying shows, items of handicraft and patterns of printed cloth and wallpaper.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_892"> <Title>Tonality</Title>
<Text>Tonality (here) is the lighting characteristic of colour.</Text>
<Text>The Burlyuk brothers: Vladimir (1886-1917), a painter; David (1882-1967), a painters, writers and art theoreticians. Both followed the Cubo-Futurist trend.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_894"> <Title>Maeterlinck, Maurice (1862-1949)</Title>
<Text>Maeterlinck, Maurice (1862-1949), a Belgian dramatist, poet, art theoretician and follower of Symbolism.</Text>
<Text>The Palekh miniature is a variety of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting in tempera on papier-mache which emerged in the early 1920s in the village of Palekh on the basis of the local icon-painting traditional craft.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_900"> <Title>Melancholy</Title>
<Text>Melancholy (here) is used to describe the atmospheric state for the creative nature of pensive sadness, meditation, pining for sublime beauty.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_903"> <Title>Metzinger, Jean (1883-1956)</Title>
<Text>Metzinger, Jean (1883-1956), a French artist and Cubist theoretician.</Text>
<Text>Sculptured painting is a term used to define works by L.S. Popova created in the mid-1910s in the process of her journey from Cubism to Constructivism. It was a synthetic combination of painted and sculpted elements of form in a single work of art.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_905"> <Title>Relief</Title>
<Text>Relief is a kind of sculpture in which three-dimensional forms are placed on a surface and related to it.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_906"> <Title>Tectonic</Title>
<Text>Tectonic (synonymous to architectonic) means an artistically expressed structural law, a balance in the distribution of weight and support.</Text>
<Text>Neo-Classicism is a general term for certain art trends of the late 19th-early 20th centuries based on the traditions of classical antiquity, Renaissance and classicism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_915"> <Title>Pastel</Title>
<Text>Pastel is an art medium completed in soft colour pencils made of paint, chalk and glutinous material. Also an art work done in that medium.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_917"> <Title>"The Small Dutch"</Title>
<Text>"The Small Dutch" is the accepted term to denote Dutch masters of genre painting and still life during the late 17th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_918"> <Title>Harlequin and Colombine</Title>
<Text>Harlequin and Colombine were characters in the Italian folk theatre "Commedia dell' Arte".</Text>
<Text>"Madeness pictures" was the expression applied by P.A. Filonov to his own creative method meaning his striving to attain a high quality of execution in painting and graphic art, the time consumed by it, and the criterion of completion.</Text>
<Text>Khlebnikov, Velimir (Victor Vladimirovich) (1885-1922), a poet and prose writer; father of Russian futurism, founder of the utopian Society of Chairmen of the Globe (1916), reformer of poetic language.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_925"> <Title>Applied art</Title>
<Text>Applied art (or decorative-applied art) creates works of art with a practical purpose in daily life, also decorates artistically utilitarian things.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_926"> <Title>Polenova, Elena Dmitrievna (1850-1898)</Title>
<Text>Polenova, Elena Dmitrievna (1850-1898), a painter, graphic artist and master of decorative-applied art.</Text>
<Text>A stained-glass window (French Vitrail) is a work of decorative art executed in coloured glass or another transluscent material. It emerged in Europe in the 10th-12th centuries and flourished in the Gothic architecture. It was also much used in the interiors and facades of buildings in the Art Nouveau style of the early 20th century.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_928"> <Title>Cloisonism</Title>
<Text>Cloisonism (from French for partition) was the method used in producing enamels and stained glass in which panes filled with enamel or glass of one colour were separated from those of a different colour with special partitions tracing the outlines of figures or patterns. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries the technique was used in graphic art and painting of the Art Nouveau style.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_929"> <Title>Inlaid work</Title>
<Text>Inlaid work (inlay) is a kind of applied art for decorating various items with veneers of fine materials (ivory, wood, mother-of-pearl) set in their surface.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_930"> <Title>Folk crafts</Title>
<Text>Traditional folk crafts are practised individually or by cooperatives that base their artistic activities on collective labour and market relations.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_931"> <Title>Guild</Title>
<Text>A guild (in Russia) was a class association of merchants. Depending on the amount of their capital the class of merchants was subdivided into three guilds: the first (highest), second and third.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_932"> <Title>Canvas</Title>
<Text>Canvas is a coarse linen cloth, bleached or unbleached, in early times - homemade.</Text>
<Text>A gold lace row of shops was the place to sell lace made with gold thread. Lace is a textile (handmade, later machine-made) not woven but braided.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_934"> <Title>Ticking</Title>
<Text>Ticking is a strong linen or cotton cloth with a pattern of lengthwise stripes.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_935"> <Title>Nevryov, Nikolay Vasilievich (1830-1904)</Title>
<Text>Nevrev, Nikolay Vasilievich (1830-1904), a painter, master of evryday life genre and member of the Itinerant Exhibitions Company.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_936"> <Title>The Moscow Society of Art Lovers</Title>
<Text>The Moscow Society of Art Lovers (founded in 1861) aimed to popularize art by holding exhibitions, lotteries, lectures and artistic soirees.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_937"> <Title>Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878)</Title>
<Text>The Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878) was started by Russia to try and consolidate its influence in the Balkans. It helped liberate the Balkan nations from the Ottoman yoke.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_938"> <Title>Grand Duke Vladimir (1847-1909)</Title>
<Text>Grand Duke Vladimir (1847-1909), the third son of Emperor Alexander II, Infantry General, member of the State Council and President of the Academy of Arts.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_939"> <Title>Korovin, Sergei Alexeyevich (1858-1908)</Title>
<Text>Korovin, Sergei Alexeyevich (1858-1908), a painter, master of the everyday life genre. Brother of the artist K.A. Korovin. A member of the Union of Russian Artists.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_940"> <Title>The Moscow Art Society</Title>
<Text>The Moscow Art Society was founded in 1832. Among its honourary members was the artist V.A. Tropinin.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_941"> <Title>The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts</Title>
<Text>The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (before 1937 known as the Museum of Fine Arts), Moscow. It was opened in 1912 as a museum of plaster casts on the initiative of I.V. Tsvetayev.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_942"> <Title>Monochrome</Title>
<Text>Monochrome (from Greek) of one colour.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_943"> <Title>The Civil War in Russia (1917-1922)</Title>
<Text>The Civil War in Russia (1917-1922) was fought between the supporters of the Bolsheviks, who seized power in the October revolution of 1917, and their opponents.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_944"> <Title>Krymov, Nikolay Petrovich (1884-1958)</Title>
<Text>Krymov, Nikolay Petrovich (1884-1958), a painter, graphic artist, stage designer and teacher. Participated in the art exhibition "The Blue Rose" in the Russian Symbolist style (1907).</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_945"> <Title>Zholtovsky, Ivan Vladimirovich (1867-1959)</Title>
<Text>Zholtovsky, Ivan Vladimirovich (1867-1959), an architect, theoretician, Honourary Worker of Sciences and Arts of the RSFSR. One of the designers of plans for the reconstruction of Moscow (1918-1923). In his work he tended to draw from the heritage of Italian Renaissance.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_947"> <Title>Home (or court, or private) church</Title>
<Text>A home (court, private) church was usually part of a complex of private or public buildings (a house, a palace, an estate or an educational institution). It was used by a limited number of persons.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_948"> <Title>Sudeikin, Sergei Yurievich (1882-1946)</Title>
<Text>Sudeikin, Sergei Yurievich (1882-1946), a painter, graphic artist and stage designer. A member of the "Blue Rose" association.</Text>
<Text>Williams, Pyotr Vladimirovich (1902-1947), a painter, stage designer, Honourary Worker of Arts of the RSFSR and member of the OST group (1925-1931). From 1941 was the chief stage designer of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_950"> <Title>Zhukovsky, Stanislav Yulianovich (1875-1944)</Title>
<Text>Zhukovsky, Stanislav Yulianovich (1875-1944), a painter who worked in the style of Russian Impressionism.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_951"> <Title>"Other Art"</Title>
<Text>"Other Art" was one of the names used to refer to unofficial Russian art from the second half of the 20th century.</Text>
<Text>Outsider status (here) refers to backwardness in development.</Text>
</Comment>
<Comment id="C_953"> <Title>Patina</Title>
<Text>Patina is a film of various shades forming on the surface of copper, bronze or brass in the process of oxidization under the impact of the natural environment or through a special treatment (patination). Patina preserves a work of art from further corrosion, and is also used as a decorative element.</Text>
